Table 8.
Hazard Ratios for Long-Term Exposures to Outdoor UFP Number Concentrations, BC, and Mortalitya
| Cause of Mortality | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| UFP Number (per 10,000 particles/cm3) |
BC (per 500 ng/m3) |
|
| Nonaccidental | 1.073 (1.061, 1.085) | 1.009 (1.004, 1.015) |
| Cardiovascular | 1.069 (1.047, 1.094) | 1.015 (1.004, 1.027) |
| Cardiometabolic | 1.075 (1.052, 1.098) | 1.015 (1.004, 1.025) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1.094 (1.062, 1.126) | 1.009 (0.995, 1.025) |
| Cerebrovascular | 1.061 (1.007, 1.117) | 1.025 (0.999, 1.052) |
| Respiratory | 1.174 (1.130, 1.220) | 0.979 (0.959, 0.999) |
| Lung cancer | 1.057 (1.017, 1.098) | 0.987 (0.967, 1.008) |
BC = black carbon; CI = confidence interval; UFP = ultrafine particles.
aAll models included sociodemographic variables, PM2.5, Ox, UFP size, and either BC or UFP number concentrations.