Table 9.
Hazard Ratios for Outdoor UFP Number Concentrations (per 10,000 particles/cm3) and Mortality with and without Controlling for UFP Sizea
| Cause of Mortality | Hazard Ratio for UFP Number (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| No Adjustment for UFP Size |
Linear Adjustment for UFP Size | Nonlinear Adjustment for UFP Size (main analysis) |
|
| Nonaccidental | 1.034 (1.024, 1.043) | 1.052 (1.040, 1.064) | 1.073 (1.061, 1.085) |
| Cardiovascular | 1.017 (1.002, 1.034) | 1.055 (1.033, 1.076) | 1.069 (1.047, 1.094) |
| Cardiometabolic | 1.022 (1.007, 1.040) | 1.061 (1.040, 1.082) | 1.075 (1.052, 1.098) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1.022 (1.000, 1.045) | 1.082 (1.052, 1.110) | 1.094 (1.062, 1.126) |
| Cerebrovascular | 0.986 (0.949, 1.026) | 1.041 (0.991, 1.092) | 1.061 (1.007, 1.117) |
| Respiratory | 1.092 (1.061, 1.123) | 1.143 (1.105, 1.185) | 1.174 (1.130, 1.220) |
| Lung cancer | 1.054 (1.026, 1.084) | 1.040 (1.002, 1.078) | 1.057 (1.017, 1.098) |
CI = confidence interval; UFP = ultrafine particles.
aAll models included sociodemographic variables, PM2.5, Ox, and BC.