Table 14.
Hazard Ratios for 10,000 particles/cm3 Increase in UFP Number Concentrations and Mortality from the LUR and CNN Models Separately with and Without Backcasting and with and Without Mobility Weightinga
| Cause of Mortality | Backcasted HR (95% CI) |
Mobility-Weighted HR (95% CI) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Backcasted | Not Backcasted | |
| LUR Model | ||||
| Nonaccidental | 1.028 (1.021, 1.037) |
1.025 (1.017, 1.035) |
1.012 (1.003, 1.021) |
1.017 (1.006, 1.028) |
| Cardiovascular | 1.037 (1.023, 1.053) |
1.034 (1.017, 1.052) |
1.033 (1.017, 1.050) |
1.036 (1.015, 1.059) |
| Cardiometabolic | 1.040 (1.027, 1.054) |
1.039 (1.023, 1.056) |
1.040 (1.024, 1.057) |
1.043 (1.024, 1.065) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1.051 (1.033, 1.07) |
1.052 (1.030, 1.074) |
1.047 (1.026, 1.069) |
1.059 (1.032, 1.086) |
| Cerebrovascular | 1.041 (1.007, 1.075) |
1.023 (0.985, 1.064) |
1.033 (0.993, 1.071) |
1.021 (0.972, 1.070) |
| Respiratory | 1.068 (1.043, 1.094) |
1.073 (1.042, 1.104) |
1.052 (1.022, 1.082) |
1.068 (1.032, 1.107) |
| Lung cancer | 1.013 (0.987, 1.037) |
1.015 (0.987, 1.044) |
0.993 (0.964, 1.022) |
1.004 (0.968, 1.042) |
| CNN Model | ||||
| Nonaccidental | – | 1.114 (1.097, 1.132) |
– | 1.101 (1.075, 1.125) |
| Cardiovascular | – | 1.050 (1.019, 1.084) |
– | 1.026 (0.978, 1.075) |
| Cardiometabolic | – | 1.060 (1.029, 1.092) |
– | 1.026 (0.984, 1.071) |
| Ischemic heart disease | – | 1.053 (1.009, 1.097) |
– | 1.010 (0.950, 1.071) |
| Cerebrovascular | – | 1.021 (0.951, 1.097) |
– | 0.975 (0.879, 1.081) |
| Respiratory | – | 1.265 (1.199, 1.337) |
– | 1.283 (1.185, 1.387) |
| Lung cancer | – | 1.160 (1.102, 1.223) |
– | 1.206 (1.118, 1.302) |
CI = confidence interval; CNN = convolutional neural network; HR = hazard ratio; LUR = land use regression.
aAll models included sociodemographic variables, PM2.5, Ox, UFP size, and BC.