Commentary Table 2.
Adjusted Hazard Ratios for UFP Number Concentrations and BC and Selected Mortality Outcomes Using Various Modeling Approaches
| Mortality | Combined Modela | Combined Modela Accounting for Mobility | Combined Model without Backcasting | LUR Modela | CNN Modelb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single pollutant model | +PM2.5, Ox, and either BC or UFP number | +UFP size | |||||
| UFP number concentrations (per 10,000 particles/cm3) | |||||||
| Nonaccidental | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 1.07 (1.06–1.09) | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) | 1.08 (1.06–1.09) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 1.11 (1.10–1.13) |
| Cardiovascular | 1.04 (1.03–1.06) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.07 (1.05–1.09) | 1.06 (1.03–1.09) | 1.07 (1.04–1.10) | 1.04 (1.02–1.05) | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) |
| Respiratoryc | 1.10 (1.07–1.13) | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) | 1.17 (1.13–1.22) | 1.12 (1.07–1.18) | 1.20 (1.15–1.26) | 1.07 (1.04–1.09) | 1.27 (1.20–1.34) |
| Lung cancer | 1.04 (1.02–1.07) | 1.05 (1.03–1.08) | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | 1.07 (1.03–1.12) | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 1.16 (1.10–1.22) |
| BC (per 500 ng/m3) | |||||||
| Nonaccidental | 1.03 (1.03–1.04) | 1.02 (1.01–1.02) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 1.02 (1.01–1.02) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) |
| Cardiovascular | 1.04 (1.04–1.05) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) |
| Respiratoryc | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.95 (0.92–0.97) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.94 (0.91–0.97) |
| Lung cancer | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.95 (0.93–0.98) | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) |
BC = black carbon; CNN = convolutional neural network; LUR = land use regression; UFP = ultrafine particles.
Main analysis estimates are shaded.
aWith backcasting.
bWithout backcasting because estimates with backcasting were not reported.
cLung cancer mortality excluded.