Commentary Table 3.

Summary of Selected Studies on UFP Long-Term Exposure and Mortality Studies (in order of publication year)

Reference	Study Name	Location	Study Period	Sample Size	Exposure Assessment	Mean UFPsa	(Mortality) Outcome	Hazard Ratio	Increment
Ostro et al.,56 2015	California Teachers Study	California, United States	1995–2007	101,884	CTM	1,293	All–cause Cardiovascular Respiratory	1.01 (0.98–1.05) 1.02 (0.97–1.08) 1.01 (0.93–1.10)	969 ng/m3
Weichenthal et al.,35 2017	ONPHEC	Toronto, Canada	2001–2014	1.06 million	LUR	24,473	Lung cancer (incidence)	1.00 (0.97–1.04)	10,097 particles/cm3
Downward et al.,21 2018	EPIC-NL	Four cities in the Netherlands	1993–2015	33,831	LUR	11,110	Cardiovascular events (fatal + nonfatal)	1.18 (1.03–1.34)	10,000 particles/cm3
Bai et al.,33 2019	ONPHEC	Toronto, Canada	1996–2012	1.2 million	LUR	28,453	Acute myocardial infarction (fatal + nonfatal)	1.05 (1.02–1.07)	10,029 particles/cm3
Rodins et al.,60 2020	Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study	Ruhr areas, Germany	2000–2014	4,105	CTM	3,745	Cardiovascular events (fatal + nonfatal)	1.07 (0.93–1.23)	623 particles/cm3
Pond et al.,34 2022	NHIS	United States	1986–2015	617,997	LUR	6,812	All–cause Cardiopulmonary	1.03 (1.02–1.04) 1.04 (1.02–1.06)	5,007 particles/cm3
Bouma et al.,57 2023	DUELS	Netherlands	2013–2019	10.8 million	LUR	11,621	All–cause Cardiovascular Respiratory Lung cancer	1.012 (1.010–1.015) 1.005 (1.000–1.011) 1.022 (1.013–1.032) 1.038 (1.028–1.048)	2,723 particles/cm3
Poulsen et al.,58,59 2023	Nationwide cohort	Denmark	2005–2017	2.0 million	Dispersion	11,106	Stroke (fatal + nonfatal) Acute myocardial infarction (fatal + nonfatal)	1.04 (1.03–1.05) 1.04 (1.03–1.06)	4,248 particles/cm3

CTM = chemical transport model; LUR = land use regression; DUELS = Dutch Environmental Longitudinal Study; EPIC-NL = European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition–Netherlands; NHIS = National Health Interview Survey; ONPHEC = Ontario Population Health and Environment Cohort.

^a Units are in the increment column.