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. 2021 Jun 19;10(14):2100206. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202100206

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© 2021 The Authors. Advanced Healthcare Materials published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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A) 3D bioprinting of a hydrogel grid structure (1 cm × 1 cm) consisting of four layers on a glass slide. Post‐printing cell viability analysis of 3D bioprinted NHDF at day 1 using B) GelMA (Low, Medium, High) and C) GelNB/GelS (Low, Medium, High) bioinks. Viability was determined by the percentage of live cells over the total cell count (Python software). Data were presented as mean ± SD and statistically evaluated by one‐way ANOVA. *, **, *** represent p < 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively. D) i) Live/dead staining with calcein‐AM (green, live cells) and propdium iodide (red, dead cells) of 3D bioprinted NHDF in the GelNB/GelS (Medium) bioink 1, 7, and 14 days post‐printing, followed by confocal microscopy (Leica TCS SPE, scale bar 100 µm). ii) Distribution of NHDF within the hydrogel along the z‐axis (depth coding, z‐stacks of 300 µm).