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. 2024 Oct 16;23:230. doi: 10.1186/s12943-024-02150-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Upregulation of ICAM-1 Correlates with Poor Prognosis and Metastasis of Breast Cancer. A Expression of cell surface molecules and comparison of breast cancer tissue versus normal tissue and basal-type breast cancer patients versus other subtype breast cancer patients (GSE65194, GSE45827, GSE22358). Fold change > 1.5 (B) IHC of ICAM-1 in human breast cancer tissue array (BR1008). C IHC scoring of human breast cancer tissue array using IHC profiler. Scale bar = 200 μm. D Lymph node stage analysis using GEO dataset (GSE25066); ICAM-1^High vs. ICAM-1^Low. E ICAM-1 expression levels in three different grades of breast cancer patients (GSE22358). F Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of breast cancer patients (GSE25066, GSE1456); ICAM-1^High vs. ICAM-1^Low. G GSEA of hallmark epithelial-mesenchymal transition signature in human breast cancer patients (GSE25066); ICAM-1^High vs. ICAM-1^Low. NES, normalized enrichment score; Nom p-val, normalized p-value; FDR q-val, false discovery rate q-value. H Transwell migration and invasion assay of MDA-MB-231 cells transduced with ICAM-1 shRNA. I Western blots of EMT markers and regulators in MDA-MB-231 cells transduced with ICAM-1 shRNA. J ICC of vimentin (Vim) and fibronectin (FN) in MDA-MB-231 cells transduced with ICAM-1 shRNA. Scale bar = 20 μm. K Transwell migration and invasion assay of SK-BR3 transfected with ICAM-1 or control empty vector. L Western blots of EMT markers and regulators in SK-BR3 transfected with ICAM-1 or control empty vector. M ICC of vimentin (Vim) and fibronectin (FN) in SK-BR3 transfected with ICAM-1 or control empty vector. Scale bar = 20 μm. N Schematic illustration of animal experiments. O, P H&E staining (O) and the number of metastatic nodules (P) of lung in LM-1^sh−cont or LM-1^{sh−ICAM−1} orthotopic xenograft mice. Scale bar = 200 μm. Q, R Western blots (Q) and IHC (R) of EMT markers, regulators, and ICAM-1 in LM-1^sh−cont or LM-1.^{sh−ICAM−1} orthotopic xenograft tumors. Scale bar = 100 μm. Data are presented as mean ± SD and analyzed using one way ANOVA or Student’s t-tests. n.s, non-significant; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001