Fig. 8.

Schematic diagram demonstrating the main results of the present study. Healthy rhizospheres were marked by the presence of putative beneficial microorganisms, while diseased ones were associated with a pathobiome characterized by a higher presence of putative pathogens. Beneficial microbial taxa competed with each other in the healthy rhizosphere but cooperated with each other in the diseased rhizosphere. These beneficial microorganisms can promote plant growth and increase wheat disease resistance by activating plant hormone signaling pathways, including cytokinin signaling, jasmonic acid signaling, and salicylic acid signaling