Fig. 1.

Tumor area of HSC-3 cells pretreated with bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs; 10 µg/ml) from: A. actinomycetemcomitans D7SS-WT (wild-type), D7SS-cdt (lacking the cytolethal distending toxin, CDT), SA3138-WT (wild-type), SA3139-LPS-O (lacking the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen), and P. gingivalis (wild-type). a HSC-3 cells pretreated with D7SS-cdt-derived EVs formed larger tumors than control cells (p < 0.05). b No statistically significant changes were seen in the tumor area of cells pretreated with EVs from SA3138-WT, SA3139-LPS-O or c EVs from P. gingivalis. d Representative images of tumors formed by control cells and cells pretreated with D7SS-cdt EVs. Red areas represent tumor cells. *p < 0.05. Values are shown as minimum to maximum with all individual values. All experiments were repeated independently three times