Table 2. Study characteristics: data collection period, patient population, and identified pathogens.

Study	Country	Period	Population	Organisms identified
				Gram-negative	Gram-positive	Fungi
Chang et al [30], 2016	South Korea	January 2001-December 2010	Hospitalized female patients with COa-APNb defined by presence of fever (≥38.0 °C), pyuria (5‐10 leukocytes per HPFc upon urine microscopic examination), bacteriuria (≥105/ml clean voided urine or ≥104/ml catheterized urine)	Escherichia coli	—d	—
Sozen et al [12], 2015	Turkey	July 2012-June 2014	Hospitalized patients with positive urine culture <48 hours after admission, without hospitalization or urological surgery during the last month	Enterobacter aerogenes Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa	—	—
Little et al [31], 2009	UK	April 2002-May 2003	Female patients aged 17‐70 years recruited from primary care practices with suspected UTIe or a history of dysuria and frequency	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
Tabak et al [14], 2018	US	January 2013-September 2015	Hospitalized adult patients with urine culture <3 days after admission, with Gram-negative pathogens isolated and tested for carbapenem susceptibility	Acinetobacter baumannii Citrobacter freundii Enterobacter aerogenes Enterobacter cloacae Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Morganella morganii Proteus mirabilis Pseudomonas aeruginosa Serratia marcescens	—	—
Madrazo et al [32], 2021	Spain	January 2016-December 2019	Hospitalized patients aged ≥65 years with CAf-UTI and positive urine culture	Acinetobacter baumannii Enterobacter cloacae Escherichia coli Klebsiella oxytoca Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus mirabilis Pseudomonas aeruginosa Other Enterobacterales	Enterococcus faecalis Enterococcus faecium Enterococcus gallinarum Streptococcus agalactiae	Candida spp
Wozniak et al [34], 2022	Australia	January 2012-September 2016	Hospitalized patients with positive urine culture <48 hours after admission with >2 species identified (>105 CFUsg/ml, 103/ml for cystitis, 104/ml for pyelonephritis)	Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Enterococcus faecium Staphylococcus aureus
Zilberberg et al [41], 2017	US	2009-2013	Hospitalized adult patients aged ≥18 years with CO-UTI defined by ICD-9h code, positive urine culture, and antibiotic treatment beginning <48 hours after admission and continuing for at least 3 consecutive days or until discharge	Citrobacter freundii Escherichia coli Enterobacter aerogenes Enterobacter cloacae Klebsiella oxytoca Klebsiella pneumoniae Morganella morganii Serratia marcescens Proteus mirabilis Proteus spp Providencia spp	—	—
Mark et al [33], 2021	US	January 2017-June 2019	Hospitalized patients aged ≥18 years with febrile UTI defined by fever, ICD-10i code of UTI, pyelonephritis, or sepsis, urine culture (EKP species >100,000 CFUs/ml)	Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus mirabilis	—	—
Kim et al [36], 2013	South Korea	March 2010-February 2011	Hospitalized patients admitting emergency department or outpatient clinic from the community with CA-APN defined by pyuria (≥5‐9 WBCj/HPF), fever (≥37.8 °C), and positive urine culture collected at the time of admission	Acinetobacter baumannii Citrobacter spp Enterobacter spp Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus spp Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Enterococcus spp Staphylococcus aureus	—
François et al [37], 2016	France	January 2012-February 2013	Female patients aged >18 years recruited from GPsk with UTI symptoms and followed up for 8 weeks	Escherichia coli	—	—
Cheong et al [35], 2022	Korea	January 2018-December 2019	Hospitalized patients aged ≥19 years with ICD-10 code of CA-APN <48 hours after admission, defined by fever (≥37.8 °C), pyuria (≥4‐9 WBC/HPF), positive urine or blood culture, and symptoms or signs relevant to APN	Citrobacter spp Enterobacter spp Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus spp	—	—
MacVane et al [38], 2013	US	September 2011-August 2012	Hospitalized patients aged ≥18 years with UTI present ≤48 hours after admission defined by positive urine culture (≥10,000 CFUs)	Escherichia coli Klebsiella spp	—	—
Esteve-Palau et al [13], 2015	Spain	August 2010-July 2013	Hospitalized patients aged ≥18 years with symptomatic CA- or CO-HAl-UTI ≤48 hours after admission including cystitis, pyelonephritis, acute prostatitis, and urosepsis, defined by increases in urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, or suprapubic tenderness, a positive urine culture of Escherichia coli (>105 CFUs/ml)	Escherichia coli	—	—
Rozenkiewicz et al [40], 2021	Spain	January 2011-January 2016	Hospitalized patients aged ≥18 years with symptomatic CA-UTI (identified ≤48 hours after admission and not AHAm) including cystitis, pyelonephritis, acute prostatitis, urinary sepsis, and confusion state associated with UTI, defined by fever (>38 °C), urinary urgency, polyuria, dysuria or suprapubic pain, a positive urine culture (>105 CFUs/ml)	Klebsiella pneumoniae	—	—
Cardwell et al [39], 2016	US	July 2013-September 2013	Hospitalized patients aged ≥18 years with fever, chills, rigors, nausea, or vomiting; hematuria; altered mental status; suprapubic or flank pain; costovertebral angle tenderness; urinary frequency, urgency, or dysuria; and treatment for UTI ≤24 hours after admission	Citrobacter spp Enterobacter spp Escherichia coli Klebsiella spp Morganella spp Proteus spp Providencia spp Pseudomonas aeruginosa Serratia spp	Enterococcus spp	—

^aCO: community-onset.

^bAPN: acute pyelonephritis.

^cHPF: high-power field.

^dNot applicable.

^eUTI: urinary tract infection.

^fCA: community-acquired.

^gCFU: colony-forming unit.

^hICD-9: International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision.

ⁱICD-10: International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision.

^jWBC: white blood cell.

^kGP: general practice.

^lHA: hospital-acquired.

^mAHA: ambulatory health care associated.