Table 1.
Plasma parameters measured in study 1
| Baseline |
2 Mo |
4 Mo |
5 Mo† |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chow | CDAHFD | Chow | CDAHFD | Chow | CDAHFD | Chow | CDAHFD | |
| Total protein, g/L | 58.9 ± 0.8 | 61.4 ± 0.8 | 62.1 ± 0.6 | 62.3 ± 0.9 | 64.3 ± 1.0 | 58.9 ± 2.5 | 63.7 ± 0.7 | 65.7 ± 0.8 |
| Albumin, g/L | 40.7 ± 0.9 | 42.3 ± 0.7 | 48.5 ± 0.8 | 46.5 ± 1.1 | 51.5 ± 0.7 | 42.1 ± 2.0** | 51.4 ± 0.6 | 43.8 ± 1.1** |
| Urea, mmol/L | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1* | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1* | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.1 |
| Creatinine, µmol/L | 67.7 ± 3.3 | 70.7 ± 2.0 | 80.1 ± 3.9 | 57.0 ± 2.0** | 81.7 ± 4.1 | 51.8 ± 3.7*** | 76.4 ± 4.6 | 62.9 ± 2.7* |
| Iron, µmol/L | 14.8 ± 1.1 | 16.3 ± 0.9 | 22.4 ± 1.2 | 18.7 ± 0.9 | 23.4 ± 1.2 | 20.7 ± 1.7 | 22.0 ± 0.9 | 17.9 ± 0.6 |
| Total bilirubin, µmol/L | 0.56 ± 0.10 | 0.64 ± 0.08 | 0.89 ± 0.12 | 3.50 ± 2.12** | 0.94 ± 0.09 | 6.50 ± 10.31*** | 0.95 ± 0.08 | 3.21 ± 1.65** |
| Conjugated bilirubin, µmol/L | 0.27 ± 0.05 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 0.48 ± 0.06 | 1.90 ± 1.63*** | 0.50 ± 0.05 | 3.67 ± 4.82*** | 0.46 ± 0.03 | 1.59 ± 1.34** |
| ALP, U/L | 29.2 ± 2.2 | 24.4 ± 3.7 | 20.3 ± 4.6 | 223.6 ± 68.1*** | 15.3 ± 5.1 | 330.9 ± 59.5*** | 15.8 ± 5.8 | 268.8 ± 93.1*** |
| ALTL, U/L | 39.1 ± 2.7 | 45.7 ± 2.2 | 66.3 ± 3.9 | 87.0 ± 8.8 | 60.4 ± 3.6 | 100.4 ± 10.0** | 78.3 ± 4.9 | 101.1 ± 8.0 |
| AST, U/L | 41.4 ± 4.5 | 40.2 ± 4.3 | 29.8 ± 3.1 | 173.1 ± 41.0*** | 29.2 ± 2.7 | 306.7 ± 99.3*** | 53.6 ± 6.6 | 299.0 ± 68.8*** |
| GGT, U/L | 233.4 ± 26.5 | 227.6 ± 35.2 | 177.3 ± 22.4 | 459.4 ± 46.8** | 89.4 ± 8.6 | 287.3 ± 105.6*** | 377.5 ± 61.1 | 1425.2 ± 136.4*** |
| Phosphate, mmol/L | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.04 | 2.3 ± 0.04 | 2.3 ± 0.04 | 2.1 ± 0.03 | 2.3 ± 0.06 | 2.2 ± 0.03 | 2.3 ± 0.04 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 0.49 ± 0.02 | 0.54 ± 0.03 | 0.60 ± 0.03 | 0.73 ± 0.10 | 0.63 ± 0.03 | 0.92 ± 0.27* | 0.50 ± 0.03 | 0.81 ± 0.11* |
| Insulin, pmol/L, and glucose§ | 62.3 ± 13.3 | 61.9 ± 15.8 | 21.8 ± 6.9 | 34.5 ± 8.0 | 23.0 ± 4.4 | 38.2 ± 11.3 | 39.5 ± 9.5 | 39.6 ± 6.5 |
| Cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 8.6 ± 1.3*** | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 9.5 ± 1.3*** | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 11.0 ± 1.2*** |
Values are mean plasma concentration ± SE. *, **, and *** indicate P < 0.05, 0.001, and 0.0001, respectively, when CDAHFD was compared with chow at each time point. †Mean values calculated only for those animals that were euthanized at 5 mo. §Plasma glucose concentrations at termination were similar in controls (4.8 ± 0.1 mmol/L) and CDAHFD-fed minipigs (4.8 ± 0.2 mmol/L).