Table 2. Bivariate analysis of factors associated with health facility delivery among women of reproductive age in Nigeria (NDHS 2018) (N = 21,792).
| Variables | Facility based delivery | p-value | Crude odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Did not utilise health facility delivery | Utilised health facility delivery | |||
| Freq (%) | Freq (%) | |||
| Age at last childbirth | ||||
| 15–19 years | 1821 (70.56) | 810 (29.44) | <0.0001 | ref |
| 20–29 years | 6289 (58.63) | 4396 (41.37) | 1.69(1.51–1.90)** | |
| 30–39 years | 3876 (53.93) | 3304 (46.07) | 2.05(1.81–2.32)** | |
| 40–49 years | 805 (63.97) | 491 (36.03) | 1.35(1.13–1.61)* | |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Not married | 687 (48.09) | 686 (51.91) | <0.0001 | ref |
| Married | 12104 (59.52) | 8315 (40.48) | 0.63(0.54–0.73)** | |
| Religion | ||||
| Christianity | 3306 (34.25) | 5623 (65.75) | <0.0001 | ref |
| Islam | 9357 (74.02) | 3330 (25.98) | 0.18(0.16–0.21)** | |
| Traditional | 128 (70.86) | 48 (29.14) | 0.21(0.12–0.39)** | |
| Ethnicity m | ||||
| Hausa/Fulani | 7589 (82.54) | 1637 (17.46) | <0.0001 | ref |
| Yoruba | 550 (24.71) | 1807 (75.29) | 14.40(11.76–17.64)** | |
| Ibo | 559 (18.7) | 2277 (81.3) | 20.55(16.56–25.51)** | |
| Others | 4087 (53.87) | 3268 (46.81) | 4.16(3.59–4.82)** | |
| Level of education | ||||
| No formal education | 8065 (84.86) | 1462 (15.14) | <0.0001 | Ref |
| Primary education | 1960 (58.47) | 1450 (41.53) | 3.98(3.49–4.55)** | |
| Secondary education | 2537 (35.49) | 4527 (64.51) | 10.19(8.95–11.60)** | |
| Higher | 229 (12.29) | 1562 (87.71) | 39.994** | |
| Employment status | ||||
| Unemployed | 4878 (70.89) | 2099 (29.11) | <0.0001 | Ref |
| Employed | 7913 (53.29) | 6902 (46.71) | 2.13(1.95–2.34)** | |
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poor | 6171 (86.01) | 1093 (13.99) | <0.0001 | Ref |
| Middle | 4446 (64.00) | 2818 (36.00) | 3.46(2.98–4.02)** | |
| Rich | 2174 (30.31) | 5090 (69.69) | 14.14(12.02–16.61)** | |
| Exposure to mass media | ||||
| No exposure/infrequent exposure | 9457 (71.42) | 3989 (28.58) | <0.0001 | Ref |
| Frequent exposure | 3334 (39.90) | 5012 (60.10) | 3.76(3.41–4.16)** | |
| Wanted index pregnancy | ||||
| Wanted | 11459 (60.38) | 7595 (39.62) | <0.0001 | Ref |
| Not wanted | 1332 (47.79) | 1406 (52.21) | 1.66(1.49–1.86)** | |
| Number of childbirths | ||||
| 1–2 | 3777 (49.59) | 3716 (50.41) | <0.0001 | Ref |
| 3–4 | 3448 (55.34) | 2785 (44.66) | 0.79(0.73–0.87)** | |
| ≥ 5 | 5566 (70.38) | 2500 (29.62) | (0.38–0.45)** | |
| Number of antenatal visits m | ||||
| < 4 visits | 7742 (85.03) | 1416 (14.97) | <0.0001 | Ref |
| At least 4 visits | 4941 (40.69) | 7366 (59.31) | 8.28(7.45–9.21)** | |
| Companionship to health facility | ||||
| A big problem | 2600 (70.31) | 974 (29.69) | <0.0001 | Ref |
| Not a big problem | 10191 (56.72) | 8027 (43.28) | 1.81(1.57–2.08)** | |
| Participates in healthcare decision. | ||||
| Participates | 3585 (42.13) | 4724 (57.87) | <0.0001 | Ref |
| Does not participate | 9206 (69.28) | 4277 (30.72) | 0.32(0.29–0.35)** | |
| Partner’s highest level of education m | ||||
| No formal education | 6236 (87.43) | 905 (12.57) | <0.0001 | Ref |
| Primary education | 1719 (60.69) | 1178 (39.31) | 4.50(3.86–5.24)** | |
| Secondary education | 3063 (43.03) | 3997 (56.97) | 9.21(7.90–10.73)** | |
| Higher | 888 (28.87) | 2151 (71.13) | 17.13(14.35–20.45)** | |
| Community poverty | ||||
| Low | 3733 (37.34) | 6559 (62.66) | <0.0001 | Ref |
| Medium | 2974 (70.92) | 1325 (29.08) | 0.24(0.19–0.31)** | |
| High | 6084 (85.23) | 1117 (14.77) | 0.10(0.09–0.14)** | |
| Community education | ||||
| Low | 6544 (90.08) | 741 (9.917) | <0.0001 | Ref |
| Medium | 4195 (58.38) | 3058 (41.62) | 6.48(5.32–7.88)** | |
| High | 2052 (26.87) | 5202 (73.13) | 24.72(20.67–29.56)** | |
| Community distance to health facility | ||||
| Low | 3453 (49.5) | 3828 (50.5) | <0.0001 | Ref |
| Medium | 4132 (57.08) | 3187 (42.92) | 0.74(0.60–0.92)* | |
| High | 5206 (71.35) | 1986 (28.65) | 0.39(0.31–0.49)** | |
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban | 2955 (37.88) | 4755(62.12) | <0.0001 | Ref |
| Rural | 9838 (72.70) | 4246 (27.30) | 0.23(0.20–0.26)** | |
| Region | ||||
| Northcentral | 1878 (49.63) | 1997 (50.37) | <0.0001 | Ref |
| Northeast | 3337 (73.32) | 1169 (26.68) | 0.36(0.29–0.44)** | |
| Northwest | 5320 (83.64) | 989 (16.36) | 0.19(0.15–0.24)** | |
| Southeast | 478 (19.2) | 1887 (80.80) | 4.15(3.23–5.32)** | |
| South-south | 1176 (49.1) | 998 (50.90) | 1.02(0.83–1.26) | |
| South west | 602 (23.8) | 1961 (76.20) | 3.16(2.57–3.88)** | |
mVariables with missing data
*p<0.05
**p<0.001