Table 3. Multilevel analysis showing determinants of health facility delivery among women of reproductive age in Nigeria (NDHS 2018).
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Empty Model | Individual variables | Community variables | Individual/Community variables | |
| Adjusted Odds ratio(95% CI) | Adjusted Odds ratio(95% CI) | Adjusted Odds ratio(95% CI) | ||
| Age at last childbirth | ||||
| 15–19 years | 1 | 1 | ||
| 20–29 years | 0.90 (0.76–1.07) | 0.86 (0.72–1.02) | ||
| 30–39 years | 1.14 (0.93–1.41) | 1.07 (0.87–1.32) | ||
| 40–49 years | 1.25 (0.95–1.65) | 1.16 (0.88–1.53) | ||
| Religion | ||||
| Christianity | 1 | 1 | ||
| Islam | 0.96 (0.81–1.14) | 1.06 (0.89–1.27) | ||
| Traditional/others | 0.62 (0.34–1.12) | 0.87 (0.48–1.57) | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Hausa/Fulani | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yoruba | 4.15 (3.18–5.40) *** | 1.21 (0.89–1.65) | ||
| Ibo | 9.46 (6.90–12.98) *** | 3.08 (2.11–4.49) *** | ||
| Others | 2.25 (1.87–2.71) *** | 1.50 (1.24–1.83) *** | ||
| Highest level of education | ||||
| No formal education | 1 | 1 | ||
| Primary education | 1.36 (1.17–1.58) *** | 1.24 (1.07–1.44) ** | ||
| Secondary education | 1.88 (1.60–2.20) *** | 1.67 (1.42–1.95) *** | ||
| Higher | 4.40 (3.36–5.76) *** | 3.82 (2.92–4.99) *** | ||
| Employment status | ||||
| Unemployed | 1 | 1 | ||
| Employed | 1.05 (0.93–1.17) | 1.05 (0.94–1.18) | ||
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poor | 1 | 1 | ||
| Middle | 1.71 (1.47–1.99) *** | 1.32 (1.12–1.54) ** | ||
| Rich | 2.90 (2.39–3.50) *** | 1.90 (1.55–2.33) *** | ||
| Exposure to mass media | ||||
| Not exposed/infrequent exposure | 1 | 1 | ||
| Frequent exposure | 1.35 (1.21–1.51) *** | 1.34 (1.20–1.50) *** | ||
| Wanted index pregnancy | ||||
| Wanted | 1.17 (1.01–1.51) * | 1.15 (0.99–1.34) | ||
| Not wanted | 1 | 1 | ||
| Number of childbirths | ||||
| 1–2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 3–4 | 0.77 (0.67–0.87) *** | 0.77 (0.68–0.87) *** | ||
| ≥ 5 | 0.67 (0.57–0.78) *** | 0.68 (0.58–0.79) *** | ||
| Number of antenatal visits | ||||
| < 4 visits | 1 | 1 | ||
| At least 4 visits | 4.17 (3.63–4.79) *** | 4.03 (3.51–4.62) *** | ||
| Companionship to health facility | ||||
| A big problem | 0.80 (0.69–0.93) ** | 0.84 (0.72–0.98) * | ||
| Not a big problem | 1 | 1 | ||
| Participates in healthcare decision. | ||||
| Participates | 1.12 (1.00–1.25) * | 1.09 (0.98–1.22) | ||
| Does not participate | 1 | 1 | ||
| Partner’s highest level of education | ||||
| No formal education | 1 | 1 | ||
| Primary education | 1.32 (1.11–1.56) | 1.21 (1.02–1.44) * | ||
| Secondary education | 1.56 (1.33–1.82) | 1.43 (1.23–1.68) *** | ||
| Higher | 2.35 (1.92–2.88) | 2.14 (1.75–2.62) *** | ||
| Community poverty | ||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | ||
| Medium | 0.52 (0.40–0.67) *** | 0.74 (0.59–0.93) * | ||
| High | 0.33 (0.24–0.44) *** | 0.63 (0.48–0.83) ** | ||
| Community education | ||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | ||
| Medium | 3.73 (2.78–5.01) *** | 1.72 (1.32–2.24) *** | ||
| High | 12.33 (8.38–18.14) *** | 2.65 (1.88–3.72) *** | ||
| Community distance to health facility | ||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | ||
| Medium | 0.80 (0.69–0.97) | 0.88 (0.73–1.05) | ||
| High | 0.52 (0.41–0.67) | 0.71 (0.56–0.88) ** | ||
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | ||
| Rural | 0.80 (0.65–0.97) * | 1.03 (0.86–1.23) | ||
| Region | ||||
| Northcentral | 1 | 1 | ||
| Northeast | 0.44 (0.33–0.58) *** | 0.54 (0.42–0.71) *** | ||
| Northwest | 0.18 (0.13–0.24) *** | 0.25 (0.19–0.34) *** | ||
| Southeast | 2.81 (2.01–3.91) *** | 1.17 (0.77–1.78) | ||
| South-south | 0.20 (0.15–0.28) *** | 0.20 (0.14–0.27) *** | ||
| Southwest | 1.52 (1.13–2.04) ** | 1.18 (0.86–1.62) | ||
| Variance | 1.212 (0.751–1.957) *** | 0.788 (0.424–1.465) *** | 1.191 (0.742–1.810) *** | 0.757 (0.401–1.431) *** |
| ICC (%) | 71.69 | 39.11 | 44.93 | 35.20 |
| Log Likelihood | -9723.7591 | -8352.1517 | -8998.7979 | -8174.3727 |
| Model fit Statistics | ||||
| AIC | 19453.52 | 16758.30 | 18027.60 | 16426.75 |
| BIC | 19477.21 | 16971.46 | 18146.03 | 16734.64 |
*p<0.05
**p<0.01
***p<0.001