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. 2024 Mar 7;34(6):e13253. doi: 10.1111/bpa.13253

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© 2024 The Authors. Brain Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Neuropathology.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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Neuroinflammatory reaction and oxidative stress in dorsal hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were induced after surgery in a region dependent manner. (A) and (B) The levels of TNF‐α mRNA and protein in the mPFC and hippocampus. (C) Confocal images of ROS in mPFC and hippocampus. Scale bars: ×5: 200 μm; ×20: 50 μm. (D) The fold change of ROS level in the mPFC. (E) The fold change of ROS level in the CA1. Data are represented as mean ± SEM (n = 4–5) and analysed with Student t‐test. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.