Table 2.
Determinant factors associated with hypertensive disorder of pregnancy among pregnant women in Ethiopia 2024.
| Determinants of HDP | First author | OR (95% CI) | POR (95% CI) | Heterogeneity test | Publication bias | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 = % | p−Value | Egger test p−value | ||||
| Having history of kidney disease | Wodajo, 2016 100 , Tesfaye, Tefera et al., 2018 95 , Gudeta and Regassa, 2019 78 , Belayhun, Kassa et al., 2021 64 , Getahun, Benti et al., 2022 75 | 3.5 (5.82, 12.82), 3.97 (1.13, 9.07), 3.32 (1.45, 6.87), 3.14 (1.02, 7.3), 3.62 (1.22, 8.46) | 3.47 (1.20, 5.74) | 0.00% | <0.0001 | 0.9392 |
| Pregnant women age > 35 years | Chemeda, Gurmesa et al., 2022 68 , Endeshaw, Abebe et., 2016 71 , Tessema, Tekeste et al., 2022 76 , Jiregna, Assefa et al., 2023 88 , Tesfahun, Tadesse et al., 2023 94 | 4.06 (−1.2, 9.32), 4.79 (−5.75, 15.3), 3.15 (0.68, 6.98), 4.5 (1.12, 10.12), 4.5 (0.07, 8.93) | 2.43 (1.48, 3.38) | 0.00% | <0.0001 | 0.4524 |
| Being overweight | Ayele and Tilahun, 2022 31 , Endeshaw, Abebe et al., 2016 71 , Kahsay, Gashe et al., 2018 83 , Mekie, Mekonnen et al., 2020 89 , Tesfa, Munshea et al., 2023 93 | 1.79 (0.49, 3.08), 3.63 (1.09, 6.17), 5.5 (−7.74, 18.74), 2 (0.73, 3.27), 3.4 (0.9, 5.89) | 2.24 (1.44, 3.05) | 0.00% | <0.0001 | 0.1920 |
| Being rural resident | Belayhun, Kassa et al., 2021 64 , Chemeda, Gurmesa et al., 2022 68 , Figa, Temesgen et al., 2021 72 , Tesfaye, Tefera et al., 2018 95 , Wodajo, 2016 100 | 2.25 (0.47, 4.03), 2.35 (1.14, 3.56), 5.04 (0.42, 10.49), 5.3 (3.2, 13.8), 4.4 (1.53, 10.32) | 2.5 (1.53, 3.47) | 0.00% | <0.0001 | 0.2091 |
| Having family history of HTN | Asres, Daga et al., 2022 56 , Ayalew, Bantie et al., 2019 60 , Beketie, Tafese et al., 2022 62 , Belayhun, Kassa et al., 2021 64 , Endeshaw, Abebe et al., 2016 71 , Fikadu, 2021 73 , Getahun, Benti et al., 2022 75 , Tessema, Tekeste et al., 2022 76 , Gudeta and Regassa, 2019 78 , Tesfa, Munshea et al., 2023 93 , Tesfahun, Tadesse et al., 2023 94 , Tesfaye, Tefera et al., 2018 95 , Walle and Azagew, 2019 46 , Yesuf, 2018 101 | 11.5 (4.73, 18.27), 4.6 (−4.92, 14.12), 2.95 (0.34, 6.23), 5.59 (1.23, 9.95), 11.16 (−6.8, 29.2), 2.1 (0.52, 3.67), 4.18 (−1.49, 9.84), 7.19 (1.19, 13,19), 5.25 (−3.99, 14.5), 4.14 (−0.03, 8.31), 2.2 (0.65, 3.75), 9.9 (−10.2, 29.95), 7.77 (−0.51, 16.1), 7.9 (−2.88, 18.68) | 3.57 (2.33, 4.81) | 17% | 0.00 | 0.0009 |
| Fruit intake during pregnancy | Asres, Tilahun et al., 2023 57 , Belayhun, Kassa et al., 2021 64 , Endeshaw, Abebe et al., 2016 71 , Kahsay, Gashe et al., 2018 83 , Kidane, Eshete et al., 2022 86 , Mekie, Mekonnen et al., 2020 | 0.36 (0.09, 0.63), 0.23 (−0.14, 0.59), 0.51 (0.20, 0.82), 5.1 (0.72, 9.47), 0.36 (0.03, 0.69), 0.45 (0.14, 0.77) | 0.39 (0.24, 0.55) | 16.39% | 0.00 | 0.0522 |
| Having multiple pregnancy | Andarge, Anshebo et al., 2020 53 , Asres, Daga et al., 2022 56 , Asres, Tilahun et al.,2023 57 , Belay and Wudad, 2019 63 , Endeshaw, Abebe et al., 2016 71 , Kidane, Eshete et al., 2022 86 , Wodajo, 2016 100 | 1.72 (0.39, 3.05), 6.33 (−1.28, 13.9), 2.75 (0.20, 5.30), 0.07 (−0.31, 0.45), 4.05 (−1.3, 9.40), 3.69 (−0.03, 7.41), 3.37 (−1.26, 8.00) | 2.06 (0.53, 3.58) | 67.48% | 0.01 | <0.0001 |
| Having history of preeclampsia | Andarge, Anshebo et al., 2020 53 , Beketie, Tafese et al., 2022 62 , Figa, Temesgen et al., 2021 72 , Kibret, Chojenta et al., 2020 85 , Jiregna, Assefa et al., 2023 88 , Tesfa, Munshea et al., 2023 93 , Tesfahun, Tadesse et al., 2023 94 , Yesuf, 2018 | 8.9 (1.11, 16.68), 10.11 (−0.47, 20), 6.42 (−3.12, 15.9), 27.58 (−54.1, 109), 2.42 (0.48, 4.36), 7.97 (−4.14, 20.1), 8.5 (3.95, 13.05), 3.85 (−1.8, 9.5) | 5.48 (2.77, 8.18) | 30.63% | 0.00 | 0.0158 |
| Having history of chronic HTN | Ayele and Tilahun, 2022 31 , Getahun, Benti et al., 2022 75 , Tessema, Tekeste et al., 2022 76 , Kidane, Eshete et al., 2022 86 , Jiregna, Assefa et al., 2023 88 , Yesuf, 2018 101 | 2.93 (0.33 5.53), 3.26 (−0.69, 7.21), 4.3 (−1.99, 10.59), 3.76 (0.41, 7.11), 4.54 (1.04, 8.04), 4.84 (−6.1, 15.78) | 3.6 (2.05, 5.14) | 0.00% | 0.00 | 0.6537 |
| Having history of gestational DM | Andarge, Anshebo et al., 2020 53 , Ayalew, Bantie et al., 2019 60 , Belay and Wudad, 2019 63 , Endeshaw, Abebe et al., 2016 71 , Getahun, Benti et al., 2022 75 , Kahsay, Gashe et al., 2018 83 , Kidane, Eshete et al., 2022 86 | 5.8 (−2.26, 13.86), 11.41 (−33.8, 56), 0.06 (−0.17, 0.29), 6.17 (−3.08, 15.4), 7.35 (−6.76, 21.4), 5.4 (−7.55, 18.35), 3.12 (−1.19, 7.43) | 1.72 (0.52, 3.97) | 19.54% | 0.28 | 0.0094 |
CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; POR: pooled odds ratio; Bold: p-value < 0.05; I2 > 50% heterogeneity and Egger test for publication bias.