TABLE 3.
Pharmacological activities of the medicinal plants of genus Dracocephalum and its related genera.
| NO | Activities | Species | Extract(s) or main metabolites | Types of study (In vivo/In vitro) | Dose | Key findings/Mode of action or biochemical and histopathological parameters studied | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hepatoprotective | D. rupestre | Phenylpropanoids: rosmarinic acid Flavonoids: eriodictyol |
In vivo (mice) SOD, MDH, LDH, ALT, AST |
50, 100, or 200 mg/kg | ↓ALT ↓AST ↓MDH ↓LDH (Excl. 50 mg/kg) |
Zhu et al. (2018) |
| D. heterophyllum | - |
In vivo (mice) In vitro (Kupffer cells) |
20 mg/kg | ↓Plasma ALT, AST, ↓IFN-γ, TNF-α | Zheng et al. (2016) | ||
| H. officinalis | - | In vitro (FL83B mouse hepatocytes) | 500 μg/mL | ↑MTT cell viability | Chen et al. (2022a) | ||
| 2 | Anti-inflammatory | D. komarovii | Terpenoids: komarovin B, komarovin C, limonen-10-ol 10-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl- (1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside |
In vitro (RAW 264.7 cells) | 1, 10, 50, 100 μM | ↓NO | Toshmatov et al. (2019) |
| D. moldavica | Terpenoids: Dracocephalumoid A-E Uncinatone Trichotomone F Caryopterisoid C |
In vitro (RAW 264.7 cells) | 1.12–5.84 μM | ↓TNF-α, IL-1β ↓NO |
Nie et al. (2021) | ||
| H. officinalis | - |
In vivo (Rats) In vitro (COX-1, COX-2) |
50, 100, 200 mg/kg 5, 10, 20 μg/mL |
↓COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes | Mićović et al. (2022) | ||
| H. cuspidatus | Phenylpropanoid: Hyssopuside | In vitro (RAW 264.7 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages) | 10, 20, 40, 80 μM | ↓NF-κB ↓TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β ↓NO |
Liu et al. (2021b) | ||
| 3 | Antimicrobial | D. moldavica | Essential oil Terpenoids: Geranyl acetate Geranial, Neral |
In vitro (Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus) | 6.5 g/kg successive dilutions (100%–0.39%) | ↓E. coli
↓L. monocytogenes ↓S. typhimurium ↓S. aureus |
Aćimović et al. (2022) |
| H. officinalis | Essential oil Terpenoids: isopiperitenone, pinocampheol, α-pinene |
In vitro (Fusarium graminearum CCM F-683 and CCM 8244) | 100, 500, 1,000 μg/mL | ↓F. graminearum CCM F-683 and CCM 8244 growth (Excl. 100 μg/mL) | Harčárová et al. (2021) | ||
| H. cuspidatus | Phenylpropanoids: caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, oresbiusin A Flavonoids: salvigenin Others: daucosterol |
In vitro (Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus) | - | ↓E. coli
↓C. albicans ↓S. aureus |
Shomirzoeva et al. (2020) | ||
| D. integrifolium | Essential Oils Terpenoids: sabinene, eucalyptol |
In vitro (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Candida albicans) | - | ↓B. subtilis
↓P. aeruginosa ↓E. coli ↓S. cerevisiae ↓C. albicans |
Zhou et al. (2019) | ||
| D. kotschyi | Terpenoids: limonene, perilla aldehyde |
In vitro (Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922) |
- | ↓S. aureus
↓E. coli |
Moridi Farimani et al. (2017) | ||
| L. iberica | Flavonoids: Rutin hydrate Phenylpropanoids:p-coumaric acid |
In vitro (Escherichia coli ATCC-8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-6538,Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC-9027 and Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC-13048) | 0–100 mg/L | ↓P. aeruginosa
↓E. coli ↓S. aureus ↓E. aerogenes |
Yilmaz Kardas et al. (2023) | ||
| L. royleana | - | Staphylococcus aureus Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli | 10,50,100 mg/mL | ↓↓S. aureus
↓E. cloacae P. aeruginosa ↓E. coli |
Mahmood et al. (2015) | ||
| 4 | Antihyperlipidemic | D. kotschyii | - |
In vivo (Rats) In vitro (3T3-L1 cells) |
0.25, 0.5 mL/rat 4 μL/mL |
↓fasting blood glucose level, TC, TG, LDL; ↑HDL ↑p-FOXO1, p-AKT, PPARγ; ↓p-JNK, FOXO1, SREBP-1 |
Aslian and Yazdanparast (2018) |
| D. moldavica | Total flavonoids | In vivo (Rats) | 21 mg/kg, 42 mg/kg, 84 mg/kg | ↓TG, LDLC ↑HDLC ↓ICAM-1, VCAM-1, PCNA (Excl. 21 mg/kg) |
Quan et al. (2017) | ||
| L. royleana | polysaccharide | In vivo (Rats) | 200 mg/kg | ↑GSH, Vitamin C, GPx, SOD ↓MDA, AOPP ↓CT, TG, LDL ↓AST, ALT, CK, Gamma GT, ALP, Urea, Creatinine, Uric acid |
Mohammed et al. (2022) | ||
| 5 | Antitumor | D. kotschyi | Flavonoids: Calycopterin, Xanthomicrol | In vivo (mice) | 20 mg/kg | ↓Cell proliferation, VEGF activity | Zamani et al. (2016) |
| H. officinalis | Total flavonoids, phenolic |
In vivo (Rats) In vitro (C6 glioma cell) |
100 mg/kg 50, 100, 200, 400, and 600 μg/mL |
↑p53 and p21 mRNA; ↓SOD, CAT in tumor tissue ↓MTT cell viability (Excl. ≤100 mg/kg) |
Khaksar et al. (2022) | ||
| D. taliense | Flavonoid: 12-methoxy-18-hydroxy-sugiol, 2α,3α-dihydroxy-11α,12α-epoxy-urs-28,13β-olide | In vitro (HepG2 Cells, NCI-H1975) | 0, 0.128, 0.256, 0.512, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 µM | - | Deng et al. (2017) | ||
| 6 | Anti-hyperglycemic | D. tanguticum | Phenylpropanoids: dratanguticumide B, dratanguticumide C Phenolic acids: dratanguticumide A |
In vitro (3T3-L1 cells) | 25 µM | ↓glucose consumption rate | Ma et al. (2020) |
| Improves myocardial ischemia | D. moldavica | Total flavonoids | In vivo (Rats) | 2, 5, 12.5 μg/mL | ↑LVDP, ±dp/dtmax, CF, HR, SOD, GSH/GSSG ↓CK, LDH, MDA |
Jiang (2015) | |
| 7 | Improve cerebral ischemia | D. moldavica | Total flavonoids | In vivo (Rats) | 25, 50, 100 mg/kg | ↓Brain tissue IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α ↑Brain tissue MDA, SOD, GSH-Px |
Jia et al. (2017) |
| 8 | Improves memory impairment | D. moldavica | Phenylpropanoids: rosmarinic acid, oleanolic acid | In vivo (mice) | 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o | ↑ERK-CREB signaling cascade | Deepa et al. (2020) |
| 9 | Improves vascular dementia | D. moldavica | Total flavonoids Flavonoid: tilianin, luteolin, apigenin |
In vitro (SH-SY5Y cells) | 25, 50, 100 μg/mL | ↑miR-3184–3p ↓miR-6875–5p |
Liu et al. (2021a) |
| 10 | Antiviral activity | D. foetidum D. nutans, D. fruticulosum | Flavonoid: isosakuranetin glycosides; Phenylpropanoid oligomers | In vitro (Cells) | 3.25–5.75 log10 TCID 50/mL | - | Sabrin et al. (2021) |
| 11 | Anti-allergic activity | Dracocephalum argunense | - |
In vivo (mice) In vitro (HMC-1) |
0.001–1 g/kg BW 0.001–1 mg/mL |
↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6 | Kim and Shin (2006) |