Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants divided into leisure physical activity quartile groups
| Variables | Number missing (%) | Overall | LTPA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | P-value | |||
| N = 32,162 | N = 6,416 | N = 6,864 | N = 6,457 | N = 6,296 | |||
| Age, years | 0 (0.0%) | 60.9(10.1) | 56.4(10.9) | 58.2(11.0) | 61.6(9.3) | 63.8(8.1) | < 0.001 |
| Women, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 20,247 (63.0%) | 2,640 (41.1%) | 2,243 (32.7%) | 2,042 (31.6%) | 2,321 (36.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Education level | 532 (1.7%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Less than university graduate, n (%) | 26,639 (84.2%) | 5,443 (86.4%) | 5,561 (82.0%) | 5,174 (81.3%) | 5,157 (83.2%) | ||
| University graduate or more, n (%) | 4,991 (15.8%) | 856 (13.6%) | 1,221 (18.0%) | 1,189 (18.7%) | 1,045 (16.8%) | ||
| Job with income, n (%) | 790 (2.5%) | 9,298 (29.6%) | 2,963 (47.6%) | 2,054 (30.4%) | 1,415 (22.3%) | 1,225 (19.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Complete housing damage by GEJE, n (%) | 1,745 (5.4%) | 2,442 (8%) | 525 (8.7%) | 532 (8.1%) | 484 (7.8%) | 460 (7.7%) | 0.183 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 339 (1.1%) | 23.4(3.4) | 23.6(3.6) | 23.4(3.5) | 23.2(3.2) | 23.2(3.1) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (category) | < 0.001 | ||||||
| < 18.5 kg/m2, n (%) | 1,617 (5.1%) | 349 (5.5%) | 390 (5.7%) | 351 (5.5%) | 297 (4.7%) | ||
| ≥ 18.5 and < 25 kg/m2, n (%) | 21,154 (66.5%) | 4,077 (64.3%) | 4,455 (65.4%) | 4,390 (68.4%) | 4,333 (69.2%) | ||
| ≥ 25 and < 30 kg/m2, n (%) | 7,760 (24.4%) | 1,572 (24.8%) | 1,661 (24.4%) | 1,466 (22.8%) | 1,461 (23.3%) | ||
| ≥ 30 kg/m2, n (%) | 1,292 (4.1%) | 342 (5.4%) | 310 (4.5%) | 211 (3.3%) | 171 (2.7%) | ||
| Smoking | 813 (2.5%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Current, n (%) | 4,541 (14.5%) | 1,369 (21.8%) | 1,044 (15.4%) | 707 (11.1%) | 625 (10.1%) | ||
| Past, n (%) | 7,597 (24.2%) | 1,489 (23.7%) | 1,519 (22.5%) | 1,502 (23.6%) | 1,513 (24.4%) | ||
| Never, n (%) | 19,211 (61.3%) | 3,429 (54.5%) | 4,202 (62.1%) | 4,158 (65.3%) | 4,068 (65.5%) | ||
| Alcohol status | 295 (0.9%) | 0.844 | |||||
| Current, n (%) | 14,570 (45.7%) | 2,884 (45.2%) | 3,164 (46.2%) | 2,984 (46.4%) | 2,857 (45.5%) | ||
| Past, n (%) | 817 (2.6%) | 159 (2.5%) | 181 (2.6%) | 171 (2.7%) | 161 (2.6%) | ||
| Never, n (%) | 16,480 (51.7%) | 3,341 (52.3%) | 3,499 (51.1%) | 3,279 (51%) | 3,255 (51.9%) | ||
| CES-D ≥ 16 points, n (%) | 1,846 (5.7%) | 7,750 (25.6%) | 1,884 (31.2%) | 1,843 (27.9%) | 1,419 (22.9%) | 1,203 (19.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Heart disease, n (%) | 5,917 (18.4%) | 1,259 (4.8%) | 183 (3.6%) | 250 (4.4%) | 261 (4.9%) | 270 (5.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 2,737 (8.5%) | 8,159 (27.7%) | 1,316 (22.8%) | 1,605 (25.3%) | 1,742 (29.1%) | 1,809 (30.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 5,252 (16.3%) | 3,842 (14.3%) | 546 (10.4%) | 806 (13.9%) | 975 (17.6%) | 899 (16.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 5,203 (16.2%) | 1,415 (5.2%) | 188 (3.6%) | 270 (4.6%) | 299 (5.4%) | 325 (6.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 5,875 (18.3%) | 500 (1.9%) | 80 (1.6%) | 99 (1.7%) | 99 (1.8%) | 121 (2.3%) | 0.089 |
| Knee Osteoarthritis, n (%) | 7,280 (22.6%) | 1,240 (5.0%) | 161 (3.3%) | 252 (4.7%) | 286 (5.6%) | 305 (6.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 5,720 (17.8%) | 2,271 (8.6%) | 327 (6.3%) | 439 (7.7%) | 502 (9.3%) | 534 (10.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Anti-hypertensive agents | 581 (1.8%) | ||||||
| ACEI, n (%) | 633 (2%) | 88 (1.4%) | 114 (1.7%) | 141 (2.2%) | 146 (2.4%) | < 0.001 | |
| ARB, n (%) | 4,244 (13.4%) | 649 (10.3%) | 853 (12.6%) | 889 (14.0%) | 959 (15.5%) | < 0.001 | |
| other agents, n (%) | 5,929 (18.8%) | 938 (14.9%) | 1,191 (17.6%) | 1,290 (20.3%) | 1,330 (21.4%) | < 0.001 | |
| Anti-diabetic agents, n (%) | 581 (1.8%) | 1,520 (4.8%) | 212 (3.4%) | 282 (4.2%) | 313 (4.9%) | 345 (5.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Statin, n (%) | 581 (1.8%) | 4,981 (15.8%) | 691 (11.0%) | 1,022 (15.1%) | 1,169 (18.4%) | 1,094 (17.6%) | < 0.001 |
| TG, mg/dL | 32 (0.1%) | 117.5 (81.7) | 122.2 (96.4) | 117.1 (83.6) | 114.2 (74.3) | 112.2 (70.4) | < 0.001 |
| UA, mg/dL | 0 (0.0%) | 5.1(1.3) | 5.2(1.4) | 5.1(1.3) | 5.0(1.3) | 5.1(1.3) | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 3 (0.0%) | 5.6(0.6) | 5.5(0.6) | 5.6(0.6) | 5.6(0.5) | 5.6(0.5) | < 0.001 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 0 (0.0%) | 14.3(3.1) | 13.8(3.2) | 13.8(3.1) | 14.3(3.0) | 14.7(2.9) | < 0.001 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0 (0.0%) | 0.7(0.2) | 0.7(0.1) | 0.7(0.1) | 0.7(0.2) | 0.7(0.2) | < 0.001 |
| Urine sodium, mEq/L | 665 (2.1%) | 127.8(50.6) | 132.7(51.8) | 126.4(51.7) | 125.0(49.5) | 127.1(49.7) | < 0.001 |
| Urine potassium, mEq/L | 545 (1.7%) | 3.9(2.5) | 3.8(2.5) | 3.9(2.5) | 3.9(2.5) | 4.0(2.5) | < 0.001 |
| Urine ACR ≥ 30 mg/g, n (%) | 130 (0.4%) | 2,902 (9.1%) | 530 (8.3%) | 602 (8.8%) | 530 (8.2%) | 597 (9.5%) | 0.036 |
| eGFR-cys, mL/min/1.73m2 | 0 (0.0%) | 98.1(13.2) | 100.7(13.3) | 99.9(13.1) | 97.8(12.9) | 96.6(12.6) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR-cys < 60 mL/min/1.73m2, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 428 (1.3%) | 78 (1.2%) | 75 (1.1%) | 99 (1.5%) | 83 (1.3%) | < 0.001 |
| LTPA, METs-hour/day | 6,129 (19.1%) | 2.9(4.2) | 0.0(0.0) | 0.6(0.4) | 2.5(0.7) | 8.6(5.0) | < 0.001 |
| Non-LTPA, METs-hour/day | 3,950 (12.3%) | 16.6(14.2) | 19.8(17.3) | 14.6(13.0) | 14.2(12.0) | 17.5(12.8) | < 0.001 |
| Sitting time, hour/day | 2,804 (8.7%) | 225.4(143.9) | 216.7(156.6) | 237.3(150.5) | 235.2(138.8) | 220.1(130.5) | 0.438 |
| Survey season | 0 (0.0%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Spring, n (%) | 4,848 (15.1%) | 1,099 (17.1%) | 1,122 (16.3%) | 938 (14.5%) | 783 (12.4%) | ||
| Summer, n (%) | 6,689 (20.8%) | 1,334 (20.8%) | 1,363 (19.9%) | 1,299 (20.1%) | 1,398 (22.2%) | ||
| Autumn, n (%) | 20,459 (63.6%) | 3,947 (61.5%) | 4,339 (63.2%) | 4,187 (64.8%) | 4,089 (64.9%) | ||
| Winter, n (%) | 166 (0.5%) | 36 (0.6%) | 40 (0.6%) | 33 (0.5%) | 26 (0.4%) | ||
Data are presented as mean (SD) or n (%). One way ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variable were performed
Cut-off values of quartile range for each physical activity domain are employed from mean cut-off values of multiply imputed datasets (M = 100)
Participants with missing values in each physical activity domain were not listed in each quartile group
BMI Body mass index, CES-D The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale, ACEI Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB Angiotensin receptor blocker, TG Triglyceride, UA Uric acid, BUN Blood urea nitrogen, eGFR-cys Cystatin C estimated glomerular filtration rate, ACR Albumin-creatinine ratio, LTPA Leisure time physical activity