Table 2.
Characteristics of the study participants divided non-leisure time physical activity quartile groups
| Variables | Number missing (%) | Overall | Non-LTPA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 | Quratile2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | P-value | |||
| N = 32,162 | N = 6,266 | N = 7,291 | N = 7,602 | N = 7,053 | |||
| Age, years | 0 (0.0%) | 60.9(10.1) | 60.7(10.6) | 61(10.1) | 60.2(10.2) | 59.5(10.1) | < 0.001 |
| Women, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 20,247 (63.0%) | 2,671 (42.6%) | 2,433 (33.4%) | 2,347 (30.9%) | 2,944 (41.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Education level | 532 (1.7%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Less than university graduate, n (%) | 26,639 (84.2%) | 4,892 (79.3%) | 5,774 (80.1%) | 6,254 (83.6%) | 6,261 (90.0%) | ||
| University graduate or more, n (%) | 4,991 (15.8%) | 1,279 (20.7%) | 1,433 (19.9%) | 1,224 (16.4%) | 695 (10.0%) | ||
| Job with income, n (%) | 790 (2.5%) | 9,298 (29.6%) | 1,250 (20.4%) | 1,605 (22.4%) | 2,166 (29.1%) | 3,259 (47.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Complete housing damage by GEJE, n (%) | 1,745 (5.4%) | 2,442 (8%) | 447 (7.5%) | 547 (7.8%) | 568 (7.9%) | 560 (8.4%) | 0.300 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 339 (1.1%) | 23.4(3.4) | 23.7(3.5) | 23.3(3.3) | 23.2(3.3) | 23.4(3.4) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (category) | < 0.001 | ||||||
| < 18.5 kg/m2, n (%) | 1,617 (5.1%) | 303 (4.9%) | 383 (5.3%) | 417 (5.5%) | 350 (5%) | ||
| ≥ 18.5 and < 25 kg/m2, n (%) | 21,154 (66.5%) | 3,936 (63.4%) | 4,933 (68.1%) | 5,181 (68.7%) | 4,639 (66.3%) | ||
| ≥ 25 and < 30 kg/m2, n (%) | 7,760 (24.4%) | 1,672 (26.9%) | 1,642 (22.7%) | 1,697 (22.5%) | 1,738 (24.8%) | ||
| ≥ 30 kg/m2, n (%) | 1,292 (4.1%) | 300 (4.8%) | 284 (3.9%) | 250 (3.3%) | 267 (3.8%) | ||
| Smoking | 813 (2.5%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Current, n (%) | 4,541 (14.5%) | 960 (15.6%) | 839 (11.7%) | 988 (13.2%) | 1,270 (18.4%) | ||
| Past, n (%) | 7,597 (24.2%) | 1,679 (27.3%) | 1,752 (24.5%) | 1,629 (21.8%) | 1,585 (23.0%) | ||
| Never, n (%) | 19,211 (61.3%) | 3,518 (57.1%) | 4,567 (63.8%) | 4,848 (64.9%) | 4,030 (58.5%) | ||
| Alcohol status | 295 (0.9%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Current, n (%) | 14,570 (45.7%) | 2,795 (44.9%) | 3,347 (46.1%) | 3,524 (46.6%) | 3,085 (44.0%) | ||
| Past, n (%) | 817 (2.6%) | 212 (3.4%) | 180 (2.5%) | 172 (2.3%) | 159 (2.3%) | ||
| Never, n (%) | 16,480 (51.7%) | 3,224 (51.7%) | 3,734 (51.4%) | 3,873 (51.2%) | 3,769 (53.7%) | ||
| CES-D ≥ 16 points, n (%) | 1,846 (5.7%) | 7,750 (25.6%) | 1,658 (27.8%) | 1,687 (24.1%) | 1,704 (23.6%) | 1,789 (26.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Heart disease, n (%) | 5,917 (18.4%) | 1,259 (4.8%) | 320 (6.4%) | 289 (4.8%) | 254 (4.0%) | 224 (3.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 2,737 (8.5%) | 8,159 (27.7%) | 1,738 (30.4%) | 1,940 (28.8%) | 1,816 (25.8%) | 1,604 (24.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 5,252 (16.3%) | 3,842 (14.3%) | 843 (16.2%) | 1,062 (17.1%) | 957 (14.8%) | 608 (10.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 5,203 (16.2%) | 1,415 (5.2%) | 354 (6.8%) | 348 (5.6%) | 279 (4.3%) | 219 (3.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 5,875 (18.3%) | 500 (1.9%) | 139 (2.8%) | 114 (1.9%) | 84 (1.3%) | 92 (1.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Knee Osteoarthritis, n (%) | 7,280 (22.6%) | 1,240 (5.0%) | 226 (4.7%) | 304 (5.3%) | 309 (5.2%) | 233 (4.3%) | 0.059 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 5,720 (17.8%) | 2,271 (8.6%) | 503 (9.9%) | 585 (9.6%) | 493 (7.8%) | 383 (6.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Anti-hypertensive agents | 581 (1.8%) | ||||||
| ACEI, n (%) | 633 (2%) | 138 (2.2%) | 151 (2.1%) | 125 (1.7%) | 125 (1.8%) | 0.061 | |
| ARB, n (%) | 4,244 (13.4%) | 908 (14.7%) | 1,050 (14.6%) | 932 (12.4%) | 819 (11.8%) | < 0.001 | |
| other agents, n (%) | 5,929 (18.8%) | 1,304 (21.1%) | 1,413 (19.6%) | 1,264 (16.9%) | 1,164 (16.8%) | < 0.001 | |
| Anti-diabetic agents, n (%) | 581 (1.8%) | 1,520 (4.8%) | 368 (6.0%) | 363 (5.0%) | 312 (4.2%) | 245 (3.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Statin, n (%) | 581 (1.8%) | 4,981 (15.8%) | 1,069 (17.3%) | 1,233 (17.1%) | 1,161 (15.5%) | 859 (12.4%) | < 0.001 |
| TG, mg/dL | 32 (0.1%) | 117.5 (81.7) | 126.4(90.4) | 115.2(78.0) | 112.0(75.4) | 115.4(84.3) | < 0.001 |
| UA, mg/dL | 0 (0.0%) | 5.1(1.3) | 5.3(1.4) | 5.1(1.3) | 5(1.3) | 5.1(1.3) | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 3 (0.0%) | 5.6(0.6) | 5.6(0.6) | 5.6(0.5) | 5.6(0.5) | 5.6(0.6) | < 0.001 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 0 (0.0%) | 14.3(3.1) | 14(3.1) | 14.2(3.1) | 14.2(3.1) | 14.5(3.1) | < 0.001 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0 (0.0%) | 0.7(0.2) | 0.7(0.2) | 0.7(0.2) | 0.7(0.1) | 0.7(0.1) | < 0.001 |
| Urine sodium, mEq/L | 665 (2.1%) | 127.8(50.6) | 125.5(50.3) | 125.1(50.6) | 126.3(50.5) | 134.1(51.1) | < 0.001 |
| Urine potassium, mEq/L | 545 (1.7%) | 3.9(2.5) | 3.9(2.4) | 4(2.5) | 4(2.5) | 3.9(2.5) | 0.01 |
| Urine ACR ≥ 30 mg/g, n (%) | 130 (0.4%) | 2,902 (9.1%) | 565 (9.1%) | 581 (8.0%) | 679 (9.0%) | 631 (9.0%) | 0.075 |
| eGFR-cys, mL/min/1.73m2 | 0 (0.0%) | 98.1(13.2) | 97.3(14.2) | 98.1(13.1) | 99.0(12.5) | 99.7(12.6) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR-cys < 60 mL/min/1.73m2, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 428 (1.3%) | 122 (1.9%) | 97 (1.3%) | 70 (0.9%) | 75 (1.1%) | < 0.001 |
| LTPA, METs-hour/day | 6,129 (19.1%) | 2.9(4.2) | 1.8(2.4) | 2.9(3.5) | 3.3(4.2) | 3.4(5.6) | < 0.001 |
| Non-LTPA, METs-hour/day | 3,950 (12.3%) | 16.6(14.2) | 3.6(1.4) | 9(1.5) | 16.2(2.8) | 36.6(13.4) | < 0.001 |
| Sitting time, hour/day | 2,804 (8.7%) | 225.4(143.9) | 266.0(174.3) | 240.2(139.4) | 219.5(127.8) | 178.8(119.4) | < 0.001 |
| Survey season | 0 (0.0%) | 0.006 | |||||
| Spring, n (%) | 4,848 (15.1%) | 1,036 (16.5%) | 1,046 (14.3%) | 1,119 (14.7%) | 1,020 (14.5%) | ||
| Summer, n (%) | 6,689 (20.8%) | 1,307 (20.9%) | 1,514 (20.8%) | 1,555 (20.5%) | 1,475 (20.9%) | ||
| Autumn, n (%) | 20,459 (63.6%) | 3,879 (61.9%) | 4,698 (64.4%) | 4,886 (64.3%) | 4,525 (64.2%) | ||
| Winter, n (%) | 166 (0.5%) | 44 (0.7%) | 33 (0.5%) | 42 (0.6%) | 33 (0.5%) | ||
Data are presented as mean (SD) or n (%). One way ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variable were performed
Cut-off values of quartile range for each physical activity domain are employed from mean cut-off values of multiply imputed datasets (M = 100)
Participants with missing values in each physical activity domain were not listed in each quartile group
BMI Body mass index, CES-D The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale, ACEI Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB Angiotensin receptor blocker, TG Triglyceride, UA Uric acid, BUN Blood urea nitrogen, eGFR-cys Cystatin C estimated glomerular filtration rate, ACR Albumin-creatinine ratio, LTPA Leisure time physical activity