Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants.
| All | Survival | All-case death | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 2,184 | 1722 | 462 | |
| Age | 62.0 (49.0–72.0) | 59.0 (46.0–68.0) | 75.0 (66.0–80.0) | <0.001 |
| Sex | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 1,040 (47.6) | 784 (45.5) | 256 (55.4) | |
| Female | 1,144 (52.4) | 938 (54.5) | 206 (44.6) | |
| Race | 0.002 | |||
| Mexican American | 341 (15.6) | 286 (16.6) | 55 (11.9) | |
| Other Hispanic | 56 (2.6) | 48 (2.8) | 8 (1.7) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1,372 (62.8) | 1,044 (60.6) | 328 (71.0) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 346 (15.8) | 286 (16.6) | 60 (13.0) | |
| Other race | 69 (3.2) | 58 (3.4) | 11 (2.4) | |
| Education level | <0.001 | |||
| <High school | 560 (25.6) | 390 (22.6) | 170 (36.8) | |
| High school graduate or general equivalency diploma | 590 (27.0) | 463 (26.9) | 127 (27.5) | |
| >High school | 1,032 (47.3) | 869 (50.5) | 163 (35.3) | |
| Unknown | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.4) | |
| Ratio of family income to poverty | <0.001 | |||
| ≤1 | 255 (11.7) | 188 (10.9) | 67 (14.5) | |
| 1–3 | 936 (42.9) | 684 (39.7) | 252 (54.5) | |
| >3 | 890 (40.8) | 772 (44.8) | 118 (25.5) | |
| Unknown | 103 (4.7) | 78 (4.5) | 25 (5.4) | |
| Muscle strengthening activities | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 506 (23.2) | 439 (25.5) | 67 (14.5) | |
| No | 1,597 (73.1) | 1,238 (71.9) | 359 (77.7) | |
| Unable to do activity | 81 (3.7) | 45 (2.6) | 36 (7.8) | |
| Alcohol use | 0.105 | |||
| No | 767 (35.1) | 590 (34.3) | 177 (38.3) | |
| Yes | 1,417 (64.9) | 1,132 (65.7) | 285 (61.7) | |
| Smoking | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1,005 (46.0) | 839 (48.7) | 166 (35.9) | |
| Yes | 1,179 (54.0) | 883 (51.3) | 296 (64.1) | |
| Hypertension | <0.001 | |||
| No | 977 (44.7) | 860 (49.9) | 117 (25.3) | |
| Yes | 1,207 (55.3) | 862 (50.1) | 345 (74.7) | |
| Diabetes | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1768 (81.0) | 1,443 (83.8) | 325 (70.3) | |
| Yes | 416 (19.0) | 279 (16.2) | 137 (29.7) | |
| Heart Failure | <0.001 | |||
| No | 2045 (93.6) | 1,664 (96.6) | 381 (82.5) | |
| Yes | 139 (6.4) | 58 (3.4) | 81 (17.5) | |
| Cardiovascular Disease | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1824 (83.5) | 1,522 (88.4) | 302 (65.4) | |
| Yes | 360 (16.5) | 200 (11.6) | 160 (34.6) | |
| Stroke | <0.001 | |||
| No | 2037 (93.3) | 1,658 (96.3) | 379 (82.0) | |
| Yes | 147 (6.7) | 64 (3.7) | 83 (18.0) | |
| Apple | 0.016 | |||
| <1 time/month | 799 (36.6) | 603 (35.0) | 196 (42.4) | |
| 1–3 times/month | 560 (25.6) | 458 (26.6) | 102 (22.1) | |
| 1–2 times/week | 371 (17.0) | 300 (17.4) | 71 (15.4) | |
| 3–4 times/week | 235 (10.8) | 194 (11.3) | 41 (8.9) | |
| 5–6 times/week | 73 (3.3) | 58 (3.4) | 15 (3.2) | |
| ≧1 time/day | 109 (5.0) | 85 (4.9) | 24 (5.2) | |
| Unknown | 37 (1.7) | 24 (1.4) | 13 (2.8) | |
| Banana | 0.002 | |||
| <1 time/month | 448 (20.5) | 361 (21.0) | 87 (18.8) | |
| 1–3 times/month | 454 (20.8) | 374 (21.7) | 80 (17.3) | |
| 1–2 times/week | 432 (19.8) | 347 (20.2) | 85 (18.4) | |
| 3–4 times/week | 397 (18.2) | 315 (18.3) | 82 (17.7) | |
| 5–6 times/week | 153 (7.0) | 116 (6.7) | 37 (8.0) | |
| ≧1 time/day | 255 (11.7) | 178 (10.3) | 77 (16.7) | |
| Unknown | 45 (2.1) | 31 (1.8) | 14 (3.0) | |
| Pineapple | 0.584 | |||
| <1 time/month | 1,480 (67.8) | 1,157 (67.2) | 323 (69.9) | |
| 1–3 times/month | 478 (21.9) | 387 (22.5) | 91 (19.7) | |
| 1–2 times/week | 133 (6.1) | 107 (6.2) | 26 (5.6) | |
| 3–4 times/week | 30 (1.4) | 25 (1.5) | 5 (1.1) | |
| 5–6 times/week | 8 (0.4) | 7 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | |
| ≧1 time/day | 14 (0.6) | 10 (0.6) | 4 (0.9) | |
| Unknown | 41 (1.9) | 29 (1.7) | 12 (2.6) | |
| Grape | 0.404 | |||
| <1 time/month | 961 (44.0) | 739 (42.9) | 222 (48.1) | |
| 1–3 times/month | 664 (30.4) | 536 (31.1) | 128 (27.7) | |
| 1–2 times/week | 292 (13.4) | 231 (13.4) | 61 (13.2) | |
| 3–4 times/week | 109 (5.0) | 90 (5.2) | 19 (4.1) | |
| 5–6 times/week | 53 (2.4) | 44 (2.6) | 9 (1.9) | |
| ≧1 time/day | 51 (2.3) | 42 (2.4) | 9 (1.9) | |
| Unknown | 54 (2.5) | 40 (2.3) | 14 (3.0) | |