Table 4. Univariate and multivariate analyses of the factors associated with first MPE recurrence requiring intervention during follow-up.
| Parameters | Univariate Cox regression | Multivariate Cox regression | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Clinical parameters | |||||
| Age | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.35 | – | – | |
| Gender (female) | 0.47 (0.26–0.86) | 0.01 | 0.40 (0.20–0.81) | 0.01 | |
| Histology (adenocarcinoma) | 0.74 (0.26–2.09) | 0.57 | – | – | |
| ECOG PS ≥2 | 1.06 (0.38–2.96) | 0.91 | – | – | |
| Stage IVB | 1.77 (0.98–3.18) | 0.057 | – | – | |
| Liver metastases | 0.80 (0.25–2.59) | 0.71 | – | – | |
| Bone metastases | 1.87 (1.05–3.33) | 0.03 | 3.16 (1.59–6.28) | 0.001 | |
| Contralateral lung metastases | 0.53 (0.16–1.70) | 0.28 | – | – | |
| Brain metastases | 1.34 (0.53–3.39) | 0.54 | – | – | |
| Adrenal gland metastases | 1.08 (0.42–2.75) | 0.87 | – | – | |
| Systemic treatment within 30 days | |||||
| Mut (−)—chemotherapy | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Mut (+)—targeted therapy | 0.26 (0.14–0.51) | <0.001 | 0.32 (0.15–0.66) | 0.002 | |
| Mut (−)—immunotherapy | 0.58 (0.24–1.38) | 0.20 | 0.99 (0.38–2.58) | 0.97 | |
| MPE control measurements within 30 days | |||||
| Indwelling pleural catheter | 1.18 (0.53–2.64) | 0.68 | – | – | |
| Intrapleural perfusion | 1.34 (0.73–2.45) | 0.34 | – | – | |
| Qualitative parameters | |||||
| Primary lesion adjacent to pleura | 0.61 (0.32–1.13) | 0.11 | – | – | |
| Pleural FDG uptake (+) | 1.01 (0.56–1.82) | 0.96 | – | – | |
| Lymph nodes FDG uptake (+) | 2.27 (1.11–4.63) | 0.02 | – | – | |
| Pleural FDG uptake pattern | |||||
| Encasement | 1.64 (0.65–4.17) | 0.29 | – | – | |
| Nodular | 1.10 (0.66–1.86) | 0.71 | – | – | |
| Linear | 0.95 (0.56–1.59) | 0.83 | – | – | |
| Quantitative parameters | |||||
| LN SUVmax >4.50 g/mL | 2.80 (1.38–5.69) | 0.004 | 2.54 (1.16–5.56) | 0.01 | |
| N1 SUVmax >3.76 g/mL | 2.97 (1.53–5.79) | 0.001 | – | – | |
| N2 SUVmax >5.04 g/mL | 1.73 (0.96–3.11) | 0.06 | – | – | |
| N3 SUVmax >6.46 g/mL | 2.76 (1.38–5.51) | 0.004 | – | – | |
| Pleural SUVmax >3.66 g/mL | 0.80 (0.44–1.46) | 0.46 | – | – | |
| Pleural MTV >18.00 mL | 0.81 (0.44–1.50) | 0.50 | – | – | |
| Pleural TLG >30.32 g | 0.73 (0.41–1.31) | 0.29 | – | – | |
| Primary SUVmax >10.23 g/mL | 0.66 (0.36–1.22) | 0.18 | – | – | |
| Pleural fluid parameters | |||||
| p-CEA >15.6 μg/L | 0.59 (0.32–1.09) | 0.08 | – | – | |
| p-LDH >786 U/L | 1.58 (0.81–3.09) | 0.17 | – | – | |
| p-Glucose >6.9 mmol/L | 1.49 (0.82–2.71) | 0.19 | – | – | |
MPE, malignant pleural effusion; ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; FDG, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose; LN, lymph nodes; SUVmax, maximum standardized uptake value; MTV, metabolic tumor volume; TLG, total lesion glycolysis; p-CEA, pleural fluid carcinoma embryonic antigen; p-LDH, pleural fluid lactate dehydrogenase; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; Ref., reference.