Table 1.
Patients’ characteristics.
| Overall | Single | Tandem | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 655 | 538 | 117 | |
| Age* | 56 (28–69) | 57 (28–69) | 54 (31–67) | < 0.001 |
| Year of diagnosis* | 2013 (2004–2020) | 2013 (2004–2020) | 2008 (2004–2019) | < 0.001 |
| Year of ASCT* | 2013 (2005–2020) | 2014 (2005–2020) | 2008 (2005–2020) | < 0.001 |
| Male | 370 (56.5%) | 306 (56.9%) | 64 (54.7%) | 0.682 |
| Secretory | 634 (96.8%) | 520 (96.7%) | 114 (97.4%) | 1.000 |
| Non-secretory | 21 (3.2%) | 18 (3.3%) | 3 (2.6%) | |
| Heavy chain | 0.077 | |||
| IgG | 348 (54.0%) | 278 (52.7%) | 70 (59.8%) | |
| lgA | 116 (18.0%) | 100 (18.9%) | 16 (13.7%) | |
| IgM | 3 (0.5%) | 2 (0.4%) | 1 (0.9%) | |
| IgD | 20 (3.1%) | 17 (3.2%) | 3 (2.6%) | |
| IgE | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.9%) | |
| Light chain only | 156 (24.1%) | 131 (24.8%) | 25 (21.4%) | |
| Unknown | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.9%) | |
| Light chain | 0.149 | |||
| Kappa | 347 (53.8%) | 278 (52.7%) | 69 (59.0%) | |
| Lambda | 295 (45.7%) | 248 (47.0%) | 47 (40.2%) | |
| No light chain | 2 (0.3%) | 2 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Unknown | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.9%) | |
| ECOG PS > 1 | 110 (17.3%) | 90 (17.2%) | 20 (17.7%) | 0.891 |
| ISS | 0.106 | |||
| Stage I | 217/616 (35.2%) | 187/506 (37.0%) | 30/110 (27.3%) | |
| Stage II | 199/616 (32.3%) | 156/506 (30.8%) | 43/110 (39.1%) | |
| Stage III | 200/616 (32.5%) | 163/506 (32.2%) | 37/110 (33.6%) | |
| Karyotype | 0.931 | |||
| Normal | 339/561 (60.4%) | 283/466 (60.7%) | 56/95 (58.9%) | |
| Non-complex | 17/561 (3.0%) | 14/466 (3.0%) | 3/95 (3.2%) | |
| Complex | 205/561 (36.5%) | 169/466 (36.3%) | 36/95 (37.9%) | |
| FISH | 0.002 | |||
| Standard risk | 366/455 (80.4%) | 319/384 (83.1%) | 47/71 (66.2%) | |
| High risk† | 89/455 (19.6%) | 65/384 (16.9%) | 24/71 (33.8%) | |
| 17p del | 33/455 (7.3%) | 25/384 (6.5%) | 8/71 (11.3%) | 0.156 |
| t(4;14) | 67/455 (14.7%) | 52/384 (13.5%) | 15/71 (21.1%) | 0.098 |
| t(14;16) | 11/455 (2.4%) | 6/384 (1.6%) | 5/71 (7.0%) | 0.017 |
| 1q gain/amp | 143/443 (32.3%) | 122/377 (32.4%) | 21/66 (31.8%) | 0.931 |
| EMP (present) | 201/653 (30.9%) | 174/537 (32.5%) | 27/116 (23.3%) | 0.059 |
| LDH (elevated) | 141/578 (24.5%) | 102/481 (21.4%) | 39/97 (40.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Induction regimen | < 0.001 | |||
| CTD | 268 (40.9%) | 235 (43.7%) | 33 (28.2%) | |
| VTD | 216 (33.0%) | 186 (34.6%) | 30 (25.6%) | |
| VAD | 108 (16.5%) | 61 (11.3%) | 47 (40.2%) | |
| Others | 63 (9.6%) | 56 (10.4%) | 7 (6.0%) | |
| Novel agent in induction‡ | < 0.001 | |||
| Novel agent ( +) | 505 (77.1%) | 436 (81.0%) | 69 (59.0%) | |
| Novel agent (−) | 150 (22.9%) | 102 (19.0%) | 48 (41.0%) | |
| Conditioning regimen | 0.014 | |||
| HD MEL | 588 (89.8%) | 474 (88.1%) | 114 (97.4%) | |
| BUMEL | 37 (5.6%) | 34 (6.3%) | 3 (2.6%) | |
| Other | 19 (2.9%) | 19 (3.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Unknown | 11 (1.7%) | 11 (2.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Maintenance (done) | 159 (24.2%) | 128 (23.7%) | 31 (26.5%) | 0.552 |
| Thalidomide | 99 (62.3%) | 79 (61.7%) | 20 (64.5%) | |
| Lenalidomide | 23 (14.5%) | 19 (14.8%) | 4 (12.9%) | |
| Bortezomib | 15 (9.4%) | 15 (11.7%) | 0 | |
| Steroid | 14 (8.8%) | 7 (5.5%) | 7 (22.6%) | |
| Other | 8 (5.0%) | 8 (6.3%) | 0 | |
*Presented as median (range), †defined as del(17p), t(4;14), and/or t(14;16), ‡defined as bortezomib, thalidomide, and/or lenalidomide.
ASCT, autologous stem cell transplantation; ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; ISS, International Staging System; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridisation; EMP, extramedullary plasmacytoma; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CTD, cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone; VTD, bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone; VAD, vincristine, adriamycin, and dexamethasone; HD MEL, high-dose melphalan; BUMEL, busulfan and melphalan.