Table 4.

Biomass yield, carotenoid content, and volumetric yield of carotenoids after 96 h of Phaffia rhodozyma cultivation at various temperatures

Parameter	Strain	Temperature
		12 °C	16 °C	18 °C	20 °C	22 °C	24 °C
Biomass yield (gd.m./L)	DSM 5626	7.97 ± 0.75c A	10.37 ± 0.98ab A	12.49 ± 1.19a A	12.05 ± 0.71a A	11.86 ± 0.50a A	9.42 ± 1.18b A
	CMIFS 102	6.17 ± 0.49c B	7.19 ± 0.42bc B	8.48 ± 0.17ab B	9.27 ± 0.68a B	8.04 ± 0.45b B	5.92 ± 0.68c B
	CMIFS 110	4.02 ± 0.36c C	5.59 ± 0.44b C	7.32 ± 0.35a C	7.47 ± 0.58a C	6.81 ± 1.04a B	4.30 ± 0.35c C
	CMIFS 114	3.47 ± 0.30c C	4.21 ± 0.21b D	6.25 ± 0.35a D	6.34 ± 0.65a C	4.87 ± 0.29b C	2.88 ± 0.31c D
Carotenoid content in biomass (µg/gd.m.)	DSM 5626	296.01 ± 9.69a B	251.29 ± 7.46b B	211.61 ± 7.28c D	214.26 ± 11.37c B	196.10 ± 7.07cd B	175.84 ± 9.66d B
	CMIFS 102	356.15 ± 7.37a A	335.52 ± 17.48ab A	316.49 ± 11.56b A	302.81 ± 18.65bc A	270.83 ± 10.42c A	230.22 ± 11.39d A
	CMIFS 110	358.35 ± 20.44a A	341.33 ± 14.76a A	272.96 ± 10.12b B	275.06 ± 17.85b A	265.39 ± 19.88b A	227.05 ± 12.73c A
	CMIFS 114	318.86 ± 15.06a AB	271.42 ± 11.59b B	247.60 ± 7.11bc C	232.45 ± 8.42c B	174.84 ± 6.89d B	128.95 ± 7.70e C
Volumetric yield of carotenoids (mg/L)	DSM 5626	2.36 ± 0.30a A	2.61 ± 0.30a A	2.64 ± 0.28a A	2.58 ± 0.11a A	2.33 ± 0.17a A	1.66 ± 0.30b A
	CMIFS 102	2.19 ± 0.14b A	2.42 ± 0.24ab AB	2.68 ± 0.08a A	2.82 ± 0.38a A	2.18 ± 0.05b AB	1.36 ± 0.19c A
	CMIFS 110	1.44 ± 0.20b B	1.91 ± 0.22a B	2.00 ± 0.09a B	2.05 ± 0.18a B	1.81 ± 0.35ab B	0.98 ± 0.12c B
	CMIFS 114	1.11 ± 0.06b B	1.14 ± 0.04b C	1.55 ± 0.05a C	1.48 ± 0.20a C	0.85 ± 0.03c C	0.37 ± 0.02c C

Different superscript letters (a, b, c) within the same row or different superscript letters (A, B, C, D, E) within the same column indicate significant (p < 0.05) differences in means. The mean values were compared using ANOVA one-way analyses of variance and Tukey’s test. Abbreviations: g_d.m./L – grams of dry matter per liter of medium; µg/g_d.m. – micrograms of carotenoids per liter of medium