Table 5.
Biomass yield, carotenoid content, and volumetric yield of carotenoids after 96 h of Phaffia rhodozyma cultivation in media with various carbon sources
| Parameter | Strain | Carbon source | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose | Fructose | Xylose | Maltose | Sucrose | Glycerol | Mannitol | Molasses | ||
| Biomass yield (gd.m./L) | DSM 5626 | 12.05 ± 0.71a A | 11.91 ± 0.57a A | 10.48 ± 0.20b A | 12.22 ± 0.69a A | 12.32 ± 0.31a A | 4.08 ± 0.49d B | 9.31 ± 0.62c A | 9.49 ± 0.40c A |
| CMIFS 102 | 9.27 ± 0.68b B | 8.30 ± 0.28b B | 0.99 ± 0.31e D | 13.81 ± 0.89a A | 9.43 ± 0.25b C | 2.21 ± 0.29d C | 4.91 ± 0.53c B | 8.33 ± 0.16b A | |
| CMIFS 110 | 7.47 ± 0.58c C | 8.22 ± 0.52bc B | 5.69 ± 0.27d B | 9.25 ± 0.36b B | 11.10 ± 0.24a B | 7.11 ± 0.29c A | 5.78 ± 0.08d B | 4.46 ± 0.56e B | |
| CMIFS 114 | 6.34 ± 0.65bc C | 7.51 ± 0.45b B | 4.12 ± 0.43d C | 5.68 ± 0.27c C | 9.07 ± 0.34a C | 3.81 ± 0.14d B | 5.66 ± 0.41c B | 8.39 ± 0.23ab A | |
| Carotenoid content in biomass (µg/gd.m.) | DSM 5626 | 214.26 ± 11.37c B | 257.34 ± 14.43a B | 206.34 ± 5.30c A | 218.99 ± 12.20c C | 249.85 ± 9.12ab B | 66.53 ± 5.63d D | 262.25 ± 16.38a A | 238.31 ± 9.83b A |
| CMIFS 102 | 302.45 ± 18.65a A | 295.43 ± 4.80a A | 0.00 ± 0.00e C | 260.61 ± 10.45b B | 290.61 ± 10.86a A | 129.44 ± 9.93d B | 213.16 ± 7.46c B | 150.59 ± 20.23d C | |
| CMIFS 110 | 281.73 ± 15.18ab A | 229.76 ± 17.75c C | 169.17 ± 13.49e B | 305.78 ± 13.32a A | 272.99 ± 5.66b A | 172.87 ± 9.82de A | 235.20 ± 9.02c AB | 190.28 ± 6.03d B | |
| CMIFS 114 | 232.45 ± 8.42b B | 250.78 ± 8.57a BC | 161.78 ± 11.71d B | 227.77 ± 8.31b C | 229.39 ± 8.03b B | 91.36 ± 6.18e C | 196.73 ± 9.67c C | 180.22 ± 4.38cd B | |
| Volumetric yield of carotenoids (mg/L) | DSM 5626 | 2.58 ± 0.11bc A | 3.07 ± 0.27a A | 2.16 ± 0.10d A | 2.68 ± 0.25b B | 3.08 ± 0.18a A | 0.27 ± 0.02e B | 2.44 ± 0.05c A | 2.26 ± 0.14d A |
| CMIFS 102 | 2.82 ± 0.38b A | 2.45 ± 0.08b B | 0.00 ± 0.00e D | 3.59 ± 0.12a A | 2.74 ± 0.16b A | 0.29 ± 0.04d B | 1.05 ± 0.15c C | 1.25 ± 0.15c C | |
| CMIFS 110 | 2.11 ± 0.23b B | 1.89 ± 0.25b C | 0.96 ± 0.06d B | 2.83 ± 0.10a B | 3.03 ± 0.10a A | 1.23 ± 0.04c A | 1.36 ± 0.04c B | 0.85 ± 0.13d D | |
| CMIFS 114 | 1.48 ± 0.20c C | 1.88 ± 0.06b C | 0.67 ± 0.12f C | 1.29 ± 0.05d C | 2.08 ± 0.01a B | 0.35 ± 0.02g B | 1.11 ± 0.04e C | 1.51 ± 0.05c B | |
Different superscript letters (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) within the same row or different superscript letters (A, B, C, D) within the same column indicate significant (p < 0.05) differences in means. The mean values were compared using ANOVA one-way analyses of variance and Tukey’s test. Abbreviations: gd.m./L – grams of dry matter per liter of medium; µg/gd.m. – micrograms of carotenoids per liter of medium