. 2024 Oct 16;206(11):434. doi: 10.1007/s00203-024-04161-7

Table 6.

Biomass yield, carotenoid content, and volumetric yield of carotenoids after 96 h of Phaffia rhodozyma cultivation in media with various nitrogen sources

Parameter	Strain	Nitrogen source
Parameter	Strain	(NH₄)₂SO₄	Peptone	Urea	(NH₄)₂HPO₄	Casein hydrolyzate	Potato wastewater	NH₄Cl
Biomass yield (g_d.m./L)	DSM 5626	12.05 ± 0.71^{b A}	10.77 ± 0.27^{c B}	4.42 ± 0.44^{e B}	10.40 ± 0.32^{c A}	11.34 ± 0.31^{bc B}	15.00 ± 0.28^{a B}	7.98 ± 0.75^{d A}
	CMIFS 102	9.27 ± 0.68^{cd B}	12.38 ± 0.22^{b A}	0.46 ± 0.15^{e C}	10.62 ± 0.43^{c A}	12.39 ± 0.25^{b A}	18.36 ± 0.54^{a A}	8.92 ± 0.38^{d A}
	CMIFS 110	7.47 ± 0.58^{cd C}	11.96 ± 0.46^{b A}	5.79 ± 0.38^{d A}	8.93 ± 0.41^{c B}	11.48 ± 0.19^{b B}	14.82 ± 0.58^{a B}	6.18 ± 0.21^{d B}
	CMIFS 114	6.34 ± 0.65^{e C}	11.09 ± 0.27^{b AB}	6.30 ± 0.16^{e A}	8.09 ± 0.20^{d B}	9.47 ± 0.35^{c C}	13.62 ± 0.20^{a B}	4.23 ± 0.09^{f C}
Carotenoid content in biomass (µg/g_d.m.)	DSM 5626	214.26 ± 11.37^{b B}	238.67 ± 13.88^{ab A}	181.91 ± 7.21^{c A}	207.01 ± 7.21^{b B}	158.01 ± 13.54^{d C}	224.32 ± 7.61^{b B}	260.60 ± 8.75^{a B}
	CMIFS 102	302.81 ± 18.65^{a A}	268.60 ± 16.03^{b A}	0.00 ± 0.00^{d C}	252.63 ± 15.68^{b A}	223.94 ± 7.83^{c A}	262.20 ± 6.59^{b A}	281.21 ± 4.53^{ab AB}
	CMIFS 110	281.73 ± 15.18^{ab A}	193.22 ± 9.40^{c B}	113.40 ± 9.58^{d B}	236.67 ± 8.35^{b A}	188.76 ± 3.77^{c B}	251.20 ± 8.61^{b A}	296.20 ± 12.13^{a A}
	CMIFS 114	232.45 ± 8.42^{b B}	171.97 ± 8.37^{c C}	170.23 ± 12.00^{c A}	180.49 ± 7.38^{c C}	152.62 ± 3.05^{d C}	248.10 ± 14.57^{b A}	299.27 ± 13.27^{a A}
Volumetric yield of carotenoids (mg/L)	DSM 5626	2.58 ± 0.11^{b AB}	2.57 ± 0.21^{b B}	0.80 ± 0.05^{e B}	2.15 ± 0.14^{c B}	1.79 ± 0.15^{d C}	3.37 ± 0.17^{a B}	2.08 ± 0.16^{c B}
	CMIFS 102	2.82 ± 0.38^{bc A}	3.32 ± 0.16^{b A}	0.00 ± 0.00^{e D}	2.69 ± 0.27^{cd A}	2.78 ± 0.15^{c A}	4.81 ± 0.10^{a A}	2.51 ± 0.11^{d A}
	CMIFS 110	2.11 ± 0.23^{b B}	2.31 ± 0.18^{b BC}	0.65 ± 0.03^{d C}	2.11 ± 0.15^{b B}	2.17 ± 0.01^{b B}	3.72 ± 0.20^{a B}	1.83 ± 0.10^{c B}
	CMIFS 114	1.48 ± 0.20^{c C}	1.91 ± 0.07^{b C}	1.07 ± 0.07^{e A}	1.46 ± 0.09^{c C}	1.45 ± 0.08^{c D}	3.38 ± 0.25^{a B}	1.26 ± 0.06^{d C}

Different superscript letters (a, b, c, d, e, f) within the same row or different superscript letters (A, B, C, D) within the same column indicate significant (p < 0.05) differences in means. The mean values were compared using ANOVA one-way analyses of variance and Tukey’s test. Abbreviations: g_d.m./L – grams of dry matter per liter of medium; µg/g_d.m. – micrograms of carotenoids per liter of medium