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. 2024 Jul 19;30(10):2886–2896. doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-03139-8

Fig. 2. Study design overview for the DeepDR-LLM system evaluation.

Fig. 2

a, Head-to-head comparative assessment of diabetes management recommendations generated by DeepDR-LLM, nontuned LLaMA, PCPs and endocrinology residents, using 100 cases randomly selected from CNDCS. b, Efficacy analysis of the DeepDR-Transformer module on multiethnic datasets of standard and portable fundus images. c, Utility evaluation of the DeepDR-Transformer module as an assistive tool for PCPs and professional graders in the detection of referable DR. d, Study design of a two-arm, real-world, prospective study to evaluate the impact of DeepDR-LLM on patients’ self-management behavior. In the outcome analysis, for substudy I, 253 participants in the unassisted PCP arm and 234 participants in the PCP+DeepDR-LLM arm were included; for substudy II, 154 participants in the unassisted PCP arm and 144 participants in the PCP+DeepDR-LLM arm were included.