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. 2024 Jul 4;30(10):2977–2989. doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-03118-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 3 — Array of violin plots with integrated boxplots, delineating the model-predicted probabilities for different neuropathological grades across AD, VD and FTD etiologies. A one-sided Mann-Whitney U test was performed on data from FHS, NACC and ADNI, each denoted by unique markers. AD probabilities, P(AD), were compared against three key AD pathological markers with progressive stages: a, Thal phases of Aβ plaques (N = 135, U = 282.5, p = 7.11e − 05), b, Braak stages of neurofibrillary degeneration (N = 249, U = 571.5, p = 6.07e − 06), and c, Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease density scores of neocortical neuritic plaques (N = 278, U = 3916.5, p = 1.73e − 06). We further evaluated P(AD) against d, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (N = 274, U = 6938.5, p = 0.01) and e, arteriolosclerosis (N = 238, U = 2607.0, p = 0.01), both of which are common pathological findings in AD confirmed postmortem cases. Significant differences were also observed in model predicted probabilities for VD between cases with and without f, arteriolosclerosis (N = 230, U = 2085.5, p = 0.0002) and g, old microinfarcts (N = 178, U = 2289.5, p = 0.0001). h, Finally, model predicted probabilities for FTD differed significantly between cases with and without TDP-43 pathology (N = 136, U = 252.0, p = 0.0008). Table S13 also details these statistical results. No correction for multiple comparisons was performed and significance levels are illustrated as: * for p < 0.05; ** for p < 0.01; *** for p < 0.001; and **** for p < 0.0001. Each boxplot includes a box presenting the median value and interquartile range (IQR), with whiskers extending from the box to the maxima and minima no further than a distance of 1.5 times the IQR.