TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants.
| Characteristics at baseline | Participants with information available | Intervention group (n = 101) | Control group (n = 102) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Age at baseline visit (years) | 203 | 74.28 (4.76) | 73.52 (4.88) |
| Sex (female, %) | 203 | 75 (74.3) | 70 (68.6) |
| Education (years) | 203 | 12.53 (1.99) | 12.72 (1.80) |
| Vascular factors | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 203 | 142.41 (16.94) | 146.89 (15.66) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 203 | 81.66 (9.93) | 82.70 (10.77) |
| Serum total cholesterol (mg/ml) | 203 | 207.8 (32.69) | 202.72 (32.83) |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 203 | 5.71 (0.68) | 5.80 (0.55) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 203 | 22.78 (3.48) | 23.37 (3.29) |
| Lifestyle‐related factors | |||
| Physical activity at least once/week (%) | 201 | 82 (83.7) | 75 (73.5) |
| Current smokers (%) | 201 | 1 (1.0) | 3 (3.0) |
| Alcohol drinking at least once/week (%) | 201 | 36 (36.3) | 41 (40.1) |
| Fish intake at least twice/week (%) | 201 | 100 (100) | 101 (99.0) |
| Daily intake of vegetables (%) | 201 | 70 (70.7) | 65 (63.7) |
| Self‐reported medical conditions | |||
| Hypertension (%) | 203 | 58 (57.4) | 63 (61.7) |
| Hypercholesterolemia (%) | 203 | 38 (37.6) | 27 (26.5) |
| Diabetes (%) | 203 | 23 (22.8) | 24 (23.5) |
| History of stroke (%) | 203 | 9 (8.9) | 0 (0) |
| Cancer (%) | 203 | 11 (10.9) | 12 (11.8) |
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 203 | 4 (4.0) | 3 (3.0) |
| Congestive heart failure (%) | 203 | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0) |
| Chronic kidney failure (%) | 203 | 5 (5.0) | 1 (1.0) |
| Liver disease (%) | 203 | 2 (2.0) | 5 (5.0) |
| Coronary artery disease (%) | 203 | 3 (3.0) | 6 (6.0) |
| Parkinson's disease (%) | 203 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Depression (%) | 203 | 2 (2.0) | 3 (3.0) |
| Insomnia (%) | 203 | 3 (3.0) | 8 (8.0) |
| Asthma (%) | 203 | 5 (5.0) | 5 (5.0) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (%) | 203 | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0) |
| Interstitial lung disease (%) | 203 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Cognition | |||
| Global composite score | 203 | −0.02 (0.58) | 0.01 (0.57) |
| Attention | 201 | 0.01 (0.81) | −0.01 (0.88) |
| Executive functioning/processing speed | 201 | −0.01 (0.75) | 0.01 (0.70) |
| Memory | 201 | −0.02 (0.86) | 0.01 (0.72) |
| Mini‐Mental State Examination | 203 | 28.70 (1.41) | 28.60 (1.31) |
| DASC‐21 | 203 | 24.11 (1.98) | 24.12 (1.89) |
| Physical function | |||
| Gait speed (m/s) | 201 | 1.30 (0.23) | 1.30 (0.25) |
| Grip strength of male (kg) | 57 | 35.75 (6.85) | 37.09 (5.63) |
| Grip strength of female (kg) | 144 | 24.20 (3.58) | 24.20 (2.87) |
| FTSST (s) | 201 | 9.57 (2.91) | 9.50 (2.72) |
| Inspiratory muscle strength | 201 | 51.69 (19.74) | 52.13 (27.85) |
| Expiratory muscle strength | 201 | 67.97 (22.42) | 69.87 (21.79) |
| Frailty status | |||
| Physical frailty | 201 | 4 (4.0) | 1 (1.0) |
| Social frailty | 200 | 28 (28.6) | 34 (33.3) |
| Oral frailty | 200 | 41 (41.8) | 30 (29.4) |
Notes: Data are presented as n, n (%), or mean (standard deviation). The analysis was performed in a modified intention‐to‐treat population (participants underwent at least one post‐baseline evaluation of the primary efficacy endpoint).
*
Scores on the global composite score, attention, executive functioning/processing speed, and memory are the mean values of the z‐scores of the cognitive tests included in each cognitive outcome, with higher scores indicating better performance.
Abbreviations: DASC‐21, 21‐item Dementia Assessment Sheet for the Community‐based Integrated Care System; FTSST, five times sit‐to‐stand test.