TABLE 1.
General characteristics, global cognitive assessment, and CSF biomarkers at baseline.
| N |
Overall N = 263 |
N |
naMCI N = 40 |
N |
aMCI N = 107 |
N |
AD N = 116 |
p‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 263 | 77 ± 6 | 40 | 76 ± 5 | 107 | 77 ± 5 | 116 | 78 ± 7 | 0.11 |
| Male (N, %) | 263 | 100 (38.0) | 40 | 9 (22.5) | 107 | 50 (46.7) | 116 | 41 (35.3) | 0.019 |
| Education level (N, %) | 260 | 38 | 106 | 116 | 0.038 | ||||
| Primary | 47 (18.1) | 8 (21.1) | 13 (12.1) | 26 (22.6) | |||||
| Secondary | 107 (41.2) | 10 (26.3) | 45 (42.1) | 52 (45.2) | |||||
| High school diploma or above | 106 (40.8) | 20 (52.6) | 49 (45.8) | 37 (32.2) | |||||
| Tobacco (N, %) | 258 | 38 | 105 | 115 | NA | ||||
| Never | 193 (74.8) | 29 (76.3) | 73 (69.5) | 91 (79.1) | |||||
| Current | 7 (2.7) | 2 (5.3) | 3 (2.9) | 2 (1.7) | |||||
| Former | 58 (22.5) | 7 (18.4) | 29 (27.6) | 22 (19.1) | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 262 | 25.2 ± 3.6 | 40 | 24.5 ± 3.2 | 106 | 24.9 ± 3.3 | 116 | 25.8 ± 3.9 | 0.058 |
| Caffeine (mg/day) | 263 | 216 (84 to 374) | 40 | 266 (182 to 427) | 107 | 197 (79 to 332) | 116 | 216 (76 to 385) | 0.16 |
| Low‐caffeine group (≤216 mg/day) | 132 (50.2) | 15 (37.5) | 59 (55.1) | 58 (50.0) | |||||
| High‐caffeine group (>216 mg/day) | 131 (49.8) | 25 (62.5) | 48 (44.9) | 58 (50.0) | |||||
| Comorbidity (N, %) | |||||||||
| Hypertension | 261 | 190 (72.8) | 38 | 28 (70.0) | 107 | 82 (76.6) | 116 | 80 (70.2) | 0.51 |
| Mellitus diabetes | 238 | 35 (14.7) | 38 | 4 (10.5) | 99 | 14 (14.1) | 101 | 17 (16.8) | 0.63 |
| Dyslipidemia | 260 | 106 (40.8) | 39 | 20 (50.0) | 105 | 45 (42.5) | 116 | 41 (36.0) | 0.27 |
| History of stroke or TIA | 262 | 18 (6.9) | 39 | 0 (0.0) | 107 | 9 (8.5) | 116 | 9 (7.8) | 0.16 |
| History of depression | 261 | 59 (22.6) | 38 | 11 (27.5) | 107 | 25 (23.8) | 116 | 23 (19.8) | 0.56 |
| Relative hippocampal volume | 229 | 0.33 ± 0.09 | 35 | 0.40 ± 0.05 | 91 | 0.35 ± 0.08 | 103 | 0.29 ± 0.09 | <0.001 |
| APOE ε4 carrier ( N, %) | 239 | 114 (47.7) | 40 | 12 (30.0) | 105 | 50 (47.6) | 94 | 52 (55.3) | 0.027 |
| Global cognitive assessment | |||||||||
| CDR sum of boxes (/18) | 263 | 2.0 (0.5 to 4.0) | 40 | 0.5 (0.5 to 0.6) | 107 | 1.0 (0.5 to 2.0) | 116 | 4.3 (2.5 to 5.6) | <0.001 |
| MMSE (/30) | 252 | 26 (23 to 28) | 37 | 28 (27 to 30) | 105 | 27 (25 to 28) | 110 | 23 (20 to 25) | <0.001 |
| IADL score (/14) | 257 | 13 (11 to 14) | 39 | 14 (14 to 14) | 105 | 14 (12 to 14) | 113 | 11 (7 to 13) | <0.001 |
| CSF biomarkers | |||||||||
| Aβ40 (pg/mL) | 107 | 6963 (5925 to 8647) | 18 | 6801 (6293.0 to 9547) | 49 | 7350 (5925 to 9023) | 40 | 6799 (58278 to 8182) | 0.48 |
| Aβ42 (pg/mL) | 107 | 589 (411 to 956) | 18 | 853 (673 to 1030) | 49 | 667 (431 to 1183) | 40 | 471 (403 to 624) | <0.001 |
| Aβ42/Aβ40 (%) | 107 | 8.2 (6.7 to 13.2) | 18 | 11.2 (8.3 to 14.3) | 49 | 9.3 (6.7 to 15.6) | 40 | 7.3 (6.1 to 8.7) | <0.001 |
| tau (pg/mL) | 118 | 399 (309 to 625) | 18 | 311 (214 to 410) | 56 | 371 (280 to 600) | 44 | 596 (392 to 710) | <0.001 |
| p‐tau181 (pg/mL) | 120 | 61 (48 to 82) | 18 | 52 (45 to 60) | 57 | 56 (48 to 77) | 45 | 69 (63 to 98) | <0.001 |
| Aβ42/p‐tau | 103 | 9.2 (5.7 to 19.3) | 18 | 15.5 (11.6 to 22.8) | 47 | 11.5 (6.5 to 21.9) | 38 | 7.0 (4.8 to 9.5) | <0.001 |
Note: Values are presented as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) for quantitative variables and as frequency (percentage) for categorical variables.
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; aMCI: amnestic mild cognitive impairment; BMI, body mass index; CDR SOB, Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination; naMCI, non‐amnestic mild cognitive impairment; N, number of available observations; TIA, transient ischemic attack.