Table 1.
Parental and family/whānau risk factors for poor child wellbeing over first 1000 days.
| Proximity to child | Risk factors | Prevalence in GUiNZ (%)a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pregnancy (antenatal) | 9 mth (infancy) | 2 yrs | ||
| Proximal family variables | Maternal depression (EPDS >12)b | 12.1% | 7.9% | – |
| Maternal physical wellbeing (poor/fair)b | 9.6% | 9.4% | – | |
| Maternal smoking | 10.2% | 13.6% | 13.5% | |
| Maternal age (teenage pregnancy)c | 4.4% | – | – | |
| Distal family variables | Relationship status (no partner/single) | 9.1% | 8.1% | 9.7% |
| Maternal education (no secondary qualification)c | 6.1% | – | – | |
| Financial stress (high) | 17.3% | 14.3% | 16.9% | |
| Home environment | Deprivation area (NZDep2006 decile 9 or 10) | 25.7% | 25.0% | 25.0% |
| Unemployment (mother not in work or on parental leave) | 8.1% | 6.1% | 6.9% | |
| Tenure (public rental) | 6.9% | 6.6% | 6.1% | |
| Income tested benefit | 14.3% | 16.9% | 16.0% | |
| Overcrowding (≥2 per bedroom) | 12.8% | 20.6% | 20.4% | |
a
Percentages are based on denominator of N = 5737 – participants with complete information on 12 risk factors and who participated in the 2 year Data Collection Wave.
b
Not measured again at 2 years given little expected proportional change.
c
Not measured again in first 2 years postnatally (no change).