Table 1.
Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants, Overall and by Trial Arm
| Characteristic | Overall study participants (N=1004) |
Intervention arm (N=519) |
Usual care arm (N=485) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 60.2 (12.5) | 60.2 (12.8) | 60.2 (12.2) |
| Female, n(%) | 641 (63.8) | 335 (64.6) | 306 (63.1) |
| Race/Ethnicity, n(%)* | |||
| Hispanic | 102 (10.2) | 48 (9.3) | 54 (11.1) |
| White | 779 (77.6) | 401 (77.3) | 378 (77.9) |
| Black | 40 (4.0) | 21 (4.1) | 19 (3.9) |
| All other racial and ethnic groups | 60 (6.0) | 33 (6.4) | 27 (5.6) |
| Missing | 23 (2.3) | 16 (3.1) | 7 (1.4) |
| Education, n(%)* | |||
| Less than high school | 23 (2.3) | 11 (2.1) | 12 (2.5) |
| Completed high school | 158 (15.7) | 82 (15.8) | 76 (15.7) |
| Attended some college | 375 (37.4) | 179 (34.5) | 196 (40.4) |
| Completed college or a higher degree | 418 (41.6) | 227 (43.7) | 191 (39.4) |
| Missing | 30 (3.0) | 20 (3.9) | 10 (2.1) |
| Annual household income, US dollars, n(%)* | |||
| Less than 20,000 | 159 (15.8) | 74 (14.3) | 85 (17.5) |
| 20,000 – <40,000 | 167 (16.6) | 85 (16.4) | 82 (16.9) |
| 40,000 – <75,000 | 282 (28.1) | 150 (28.9) | 132 (27.2) |
| 75,000 or more | 251 (25.0) | 135 (26.0) | 116 (23.9) |
| Missing | 145 (14.4) | 75 (14.5) | 70 (14.4) |
| Insurance, n(%)† | |||
| Commercial | 283 (28.2) | 143 (27.6) | 140 (28.9) |
| Medicaid | 139 (13.8) | 74 (14.3) | 65 (13.4) |
| Medicare | 529 (52.7) | 271 (52.2) | 258 (53.2) |
| Other | 53 (5.3) | 31 (6.0) | 22 (4.5) |
| Modified Charlson Comorbidity Index, median (IQR) ‡ | 1.0 (0–2.0) | 1.0 (0–2.0) | 1.0 (0–2.0) |
| Opioid use disorder, n(%)‡ | 46 (4.6) | 22 (4.2) | 24 (5.0) |
| Alcohol use disorder, n(%)‡ | 25 (2.5) | 14 (2.7) | 11 (2.3) |
| Tobacco use or nicotine use disorder, n(%)‡ | 217 (21.6) | 107 (20.6) | 110 (22.7) |
| Prior naloxone receipt, n(%)‡ | 87 (8.7) | 41 (7.9) | 46 (9.5) |
| Average daily opioid dose, median morphine milligram equivalents, median (IQR) § | 30.2 (15.7–60.0) | 30.2 (16.4–60.0) | 30.2 (15.1–60.9) |
Abbreviations: ORBIT - Opioid-Related Behaviors in Treatment modified to refer to past 4 months; AUDIT-C - Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test - Concise; NIDA modified ASSIST – National Institute on Drug Abuse modified Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test; Rx-OOKS – Prescription Opioid Overdose Knowledge Scale
Assessed using survey measures; when denominators are indicated, the denominator is those who completed that Time 0 measure
Assessed at the time of study enrollment
Assessed using naloxone dispensations in the year prior to study enrollment and self-report at Time 0 survey
Assessed in the 6 months prior to study enrollment