Figure 5. Role of metformin in reducing the production of reactive oxygen species, nuclear factor kappa beta, and NLRP3.

Metformin phosphorylates AMPK, which enters the nucleus and impedes NF-κB signaling and nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome course and restricting reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis by inhibiting complex 1 in mitochondria.

NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa beta; NLRP3: nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich–containing family, pyrin domain–containing-3; ROS: reactive oxygen species; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; AMPK-P: phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase.

This figure was drawn using the premium version of BioRender (https://biorender.com/), accessed on September 23, 2024, with the agreement license number OL27CBTPV1 [10].

Image credit: Rahnuma Ahmad