Table 2.
Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes by Continuous Glucose Monitoring Use
| CGM (n=82) | SMBG (n=278) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary neonatal outcome and composite components | |||
| Composite neonatal morbidity* | 54 (65.9) | 214 (77.0) | .04 |
| Hypoglycemia | 22 (27.5) | 85 (31.6) | .49 |
| Hyperbilirubinemia | 20 (25.0) | 101 (37.6) | .04 |
| Shoulder dystocia | 2 (2.4) | 10 (3.6) | .61 |
| LGA at birth | 16 (19.5) | 54 (19.4) | .99 |
| Preterm birth before 37 wk | 28 (34.2) | 136 (48.9) | .02 |
| NICU admission | 27 (33.8) | 128 (47.6) | .03 |
| Stillbirth or neonatal death | 3 (3.7) | 12 (4.3) | .79 |
| Secondary neonatal outcomes | |||
| Preterm birth before 34 wk | 11 (13.4) | 70 (25.2) | .03 |
| Gestational age at delivery (wk) | 37.1 (35.9–38.0) | 37.0 (33.9–38.0) | .04 |
| SGA at birth | 12 (14.6) | 37 (13.3) | .76 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3,013 (2,540–3,450) | 2,845 (2,160–3,480) | .12 |
| Severe neonatal morbidity† | 6 (7.3) | 27 (9.7) | .51 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 4 (5.0) | 11 (4.1) | |
| Intraventricular hemorrhage | 1 (1.3) | 3 (1.1) | |
| Necrotizing enterocolitis | 0 | 2 (0.7) | |
| Early-onset sepsis | 0 | 0 | |
| Stillbirth or neonatal death | 3 (3.7) | 12 (4.3) | |
| Secondary maternal outcomes | |||
| Last Hb A1c before delivery (%) | 6.5 (6.0, 7.0) | 6.3 (5.8, 7.3) | .52 |
| Change in Hb A1c from baseline to delivery (%) | −1.7 (−3.3, −0.4) | −0.5 (−2.2, 0.0) | <.001 |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 8.9 (5.8, 14.2) | 6.7 (2.3, 11.2) | <.01 |
| Preeclampsia | 23 (28.1) | 109 (39.2) | .07 |
| Cesarean delivery | 54 (65.9) | 179 (64.4) | .81 |
| Postpartum length of stay (d) | 4 (3, 5) | 4 (3, 7) | .35 |
| Postpartum readmission | 5 (6.1) | 19 (6.8) | .81 |
CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; SMBG, intermittent self-monitoring of blood glucose; LGA, large for gestational age; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; SGA, small for gestational age; Hb A1c, glycated hemoglobin.
Data are n (%) or median (IQR) unless otherwise specified.
Bold indicates statistical significance (P<.05).
*
Composite neonatal morbidity included hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, shoulder dystocia, LGA, preterm birth, NICU admission, and stillbirth or neonatal death.
†
Severe neonatal morbidity included mechanical ventilation, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, culture-proven early-onset sepsis, and stillbirth or neonatal death.