Table 3.
Main outcomes and results of moderators on the association between parental verbal communication and fear/avoidance outcomes
| Study | Main outcomes | Moderator outcomes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Behavioral inhibition/child anxiety | Parental anxiety | ||
| Aktar et al. (2014) | Fear/Avoidance: – | Fear/Avoidance: – | Fear/Avoidancea: – |
| Aktar et al. (2018) |
Fear: – Avoidance: ↓ |
Fear: – Avoidance: – |
NA |
| Aktar et al. (2022) |
Fear/Avoidance (observed): – Fear (attention bias): – Fear (heart rate): – Fear/Avoidance (self-report): ↑ |
Fear/Avoidance (observed): ↓ Fear (attention bias): – Fear (heart rate): – Fear/Avoidance (self-report): – |
Fear/Avoidance (observed): ↑ Fear (attention bias): – Fear (heart rate): – Fear/Avoidance (self-report): – |
| Becker and Ginsburg (2011) | Distress: – | N/A | N/A |
| Bell et al. (2015) |
Fear: ↑ Avoidance: ↑ |
Fear: – | Fear: – |
| Bosmans et al. (2015) |
Fear/Avoidance: – Avoidance: b |
N/A | N/A |
| Burstein and Ginsburg (2010) |
Anxiety: ↑ Avoidance: ↑ |
N/A | N/A |
| Muris et al. (2010) | Fear/Avoidance: ↑ | N/A | N/A |
| Muris et al. (2013) | Fear: ↑ | N/A | N/A |
| Nimphy et al., (2023a) | Fear: ↑ | Fear: – | Fear: – |
| Radanović et al., (2021) | Fear: ↑ | N/A | N/A |
|
Reider et al. (2022) Study 1 |
Fear/Avoidance: – | N/A | N/A |
|
Reider et al. (2022) Study 2 |
Fear/Avoidance (snake/spider): ↑ Fear/Avoidance (lizard/turtle): – |
N/A | N/A |
| Remmerswaal et al. (2010) | Fear/Avoidance: ↑ | N/A | N/A |
| Remmerswaal and Muris (2011) | Fear: ↑ | N/A | N/A |
| Remmerswaal et al. (2013) |
Fear/Avoidance: – Avoidance: ↑ |
N/A | N/A |
| Setiawan et al. (2018) | Fear/Avoidance: ↑ | N/A | N/A |
| Uy et al. (2022) | Fear/Avoidance: ↑ | N/A | N/A |
↑ = increase in (or presence of) verbal threat communication significantly associated with increase in or higher fear/anxiety (p < 0.05)
↓ = increase in (or presence of) verbal threat communication significantly associated with decrease in or lower fear/anxiety (p < 0.05)
– = verbal communication not significantly associated with fear/anxiety, if main effect insignificant but 3 or 4-way interaction significant it is labeled as insignificant; NA = interaction not assessed (i.e. only main effect and not interaction with parental verbal fear, or 3-way interactions with another variable), or not assessed at relevant time point/age range
aPredictor and outcome not measured in the same paradigm/time point
bNo information in results section