Table 1.
Clinicopathological characteristics of patients in the discovery and validation cohorts.
| Total (n=111) | Discovery (n=78) | Validation (n=87) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PDAC (n=38) | CCA (n=19) | Benign (n=54) | P | PDAC (n=27) | CCA (n=14) | Benign (n=37) | P | PDAC (n=34) | CCA (n=14) | Benign (n=39) | P | |
| Age, years | ||||||||||||
| <60 | 8 (21) | 4 (21) | 24 (44) | 8 (30) | 3 (21) | 16 (43) | 6 (18) | 3 (21) | 18 (46) | |||
| >60 | 30 (79) | 15 (79) | 30 (56) | 0.0143 | 19 (70) | 11 (79) | 21 (57) | 0.1565 | 28 (82) | 11 (79) | 21 (54) | 0.0098 |
| Mean (SD) | 69 (11) | 68 (9) | 62 (16) | 0.0054 | 68 (11) | 65 (7.8) | 63 (16) | 0.1260 | 70 (11) | 70 (8) | 61 (16) | 0.0029 |
| Sex (%) | ||||||||||||
| Female | 13 (34) | 6 (32) | 21 (39) | 12 (44) | 4 (29) | 15 (41) | 11 (32) | 4 (29) | 14 (36) | |||
| Male | 25 (66) | 13 (68) | 33 (61) | 0.5596 | 15 (56) | 10 (71) | 22 (59) | 0.8254 | 23 (68) | 10 (71) | 25 (64) | 0.6557 |
| History of PSC (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 4 (7) | 0.2017 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (8) | 0.1105 | 0 (0) | 1 (7) | 4 (10) | 0.1688 |
| Chronic Pancreatitis (%) | 4 (11) | 0 (0) | 11 (20) | 0.0540 | 3 (11) | 0 (0) | 7 (19) | 0.1858 | 4 (12) | 0 (0) | 9 (23) | 0.0723 |
| Blood parameters | ||||||||||||
| CA19-9 (U/ml) | 9341 | 3186 | 278 | 0.0770 | 7825 | 555 | 347 | 0.1023 | 10158 | 4298 | 287 | 0.0823 |
| Bilirubin (ng/ml) | 248 | 148 | 42 | <0.0001 | 244 | 110 | 46 | <0.0001 | 254 | 149 | 48 | <0.0001 |
| CRP (μg/ml) | 50 | 57 | 48 | 0.9643 | 49 | 58 | 53 | 0.4931 | 52 | 47 | 38 | 0.7892 |
| Anatomical location | ||||||||||||
| Perihilar CCA | — | 10 (53) | — | — | 9 (64) | — | — | 7 (50) | — | |||
| Distal CCA | — | 7 (37) | — | — | 5 (36) | — | — | 5 (36) | — | |||
| Intrahepatic CCA | — | 2 (11) | — | — | 0 (0) | — | — | 2 (14) | — | |||
| Head of Pancreas PDAC | 31 (82) | — | — | 21 (78) | — | — | 27 (79) | — | — | |||
| Uncinate PDAC | 3 (8) | — | — | 3 (11) | — | — | 3 (9) | — | — | |||
| Mixed PDAC (HOP/uncinated) | 4 (11) | — | — | 3 (11) | — | — | 4 (12) | — | — | |||
| Tumour stage* (%) | ||||||||||||
| T1 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | |||
| T2 | 7 (18) | 3 (17) | — | 6 (22) | 3 (21) | — | 7 (21) | 1 (7) | — | |||
| T3 | 10 (26) | 10 (53) | — | 7 (26) | 8 (58) | — | 8 (24) | 7 (50) | — | |||
| T4 | 19 (50) | 6 (33) | — | 14 (52) | 3 (21) | — | 19 (56) | 6 (43) | — | |||
| Nodal disease (%) | 23 (61) | 8 (42) | — | 18 (66) | 6 (42) | — | 23 (68) | 5 (36) | — | |||
| Metastatic disease (%) | 11 (29) | 1 (6) | — | 6 (22) | 0 (0) | — | 11 (32) | 1 (7) | — | |||
*In accordance with the eight edition AJCC Cancer Staging Manual.
P-values <0.05 are highlighted in bold.
CA19-9, carbohydrate antigen 19-9; CCA, cholangiocarcinoma; CRP, C-reactive protein; HOP, head of pancreas; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.