Table 2.

Primary and secondary outcomes.

Baseline, n		Post-NCT, n	Pre-surgery, n	Post-surgery, n	6-Week reassessment, n	Diff-in-diff baseline to pre-surgery, P value (95% CI EX; UC)	Diff-in-diff post-surgery to 6 weeks, P value (95% CI EX; UC)
Primary outcome
6 min walk test (m)
Exercise	522.1 (104.3), 36	543.4 (108.7), 30	582.1 (108), 29	498.3 (99.5), 28	578.3 (104.7), 22	50.7, 0.05 (38.3–85.8; −8.5 to 48.0)	31.8, 0.19 (18.5–85.6; 0.5–76.8)
Control	497.5 (106.3), 34	511.2 (172), 19	506.0 (140.4), 24	515.0 (91.5), 17	547.6 (99.5), 17
Secondary outcomes: Physical health
Handy dynamometer (kg)
Exercise	31.1 (8.2), 34	31.1 (7.1), 22	28.2 (8.5), 23	28.0 (9.6), 11	31.6 (10.6), 6	0.4, 0.77	−2.3, 0.23
Control	30.6 (9.1), 32	26.1 (7.9), 12	25.1 (8.7), 15	25.0 (8.5), 11	26.9 (9.1), 8	(−5.1 to −1.3; −5.5 to −0.7)	(−1.4 to 3.4; −0.4 to 4.9)
Lower body strength (s)
Exercise	18.2 (5.7), 36	17.7 (7.7), 29	15.5 (5.1), 28	17.9 (7.7), 26	15.3 (7.5), 22	−2.5, 0.08	−0.4, 0.80
Control	19.6 (7.2), 33	20.6 (8), 19	20.1 (6.7), 24	20.4 (5.1), 17	19.3 (5.3), 17	(−4.5 to −0.9; −2.6 to 3.0)	(−6.5 to 0.7; −3.4 to 1.1)
Activity behaviour: Daily step count
Exercise	7175.1 (4024.6), 29	6692.5 (3363.7), 25	7420.3 (4762.2), 19	5873.6 (3676.1), 21	5954.6 (3027), 21	−63.4, 0.95 (−1106 to 2495; −1409 to 1799)	−711.6, 0.50 (−1698 to 2296; −231 to 1769)
Control	6589.9 (4014.8), 27	5802.9 (3299.5), 19	7206.3 (2831.6), 19	6371.0 (3775.5), 18	6871.7 (4120.9), 17
Sedentary behaviour (h)
Exercise	19.1 (1.9), 29	19.8 (1.6), 25	18.4 (2.2), 19	20.0 (1.4), 21	19.7 (1.5), 21	0.7, 0.44	0.3, 0.61
Control	19.4 (2.3), 27	19.3 (1.9), 19	17.9 (3.2), 19	19.5 (2.1), 18	18.8 (2.5), 17	(−1.4 to 0.9; −3.7 to 1.1)	(−1.1 to 0.6;−0.5 to 0.2)
Body mass index (kg/m2)
Exercise	27.9 (5.5), 33	26.9 (4.3), 27	27.1 (5), 27	26.4 (4.7), 24	25.1 (4), 16	−0.3, 0.77	−0.7, 0.85
Control	27.7 (4.5), 30	26.4 (5.3),16	26.4 (4.9),,25	24.2 (4.3),,15	22.8 (2.4),,11	(−1.7 to 0.4; −1.8 to 0.1)	(−1.1 to 0.4; −1.7 to −0.2)
Psychological health: EQ-5D Questionnaire
EQ-Utility
Exercise	0.897 (0.165), 36	0.902 (0.132), 31	0.920 (0.119), 29	0.801 (0.172), 27	0.872 (0.113), 23	0.045, 0.27 (−0.1 to 0.0; −0.1 to 0.0)	0.05, 0.23 (0.0–0.1; −0.1 to 0.2)
Control	0.909 (0.115), 34	0.902 (0.122), 19	0.894 (0.128), 28	0.887 (0.103), 20	0.883 (0.158), 20
EQ-VAS
Exercise	78.8 (16.6), 36	76.7 (15.4), 31	83.6 (14.5), 29	70.4 (13.5), 27	76.6 (14.7), 23	5.4, 0.21 (−1.6 to 12.0; −8.1 to 3.6)	−1.2, 0.77 (−1.2 to 19.2; 3.4–12.5)
Control	76.9 (19.2), 34	71.6 (19.2), 19	78.3 (15), 28	71.8 (15.2), 20	78.8 (11.8), 20
FACT Questionnaire Total Score (0–176-best)
Exercise	139.4 (17.2), 34	141.1 (17.4), 31	152.2 (16.2), 29	137.8 (14.9), 27	142.6 (19.5), 23	4.9, 0.23 (6.2–18.2; 0.4–18.8)	−0.5, 0.91 (−2.8 to 13.3; 12.7–13.1)
Control	141.0 (22.8), 32	138.6 (27.1), 17	147.8 (25.4), 27	143.0 (20.5), 20	144.3 (16.1), 19
FACT Physical well-being (0–28-best)
Exercise	23.9 (4.2), 36	21.2 (5.4), 31	25.2 (3.7), 29	21.0 (4.2), 27	21.8 (5.6), 23	2.2, 0.08	0.1, 0.95
Control	23.6 (4.9), 34	18.8 (7.9), 19	22.6 (7.1), 28	21.6 (4.9), 20	21.9 (5), 20	(−0.6 to 2.9; −2.2 to 0.7)	(−1.9 to 2.4; −1.2 to 2.4)
FACT Social/family well-being (0–28-best)
Exercise	26.3 (2.6), 36	25.5 (4.1), 31	25.6 (4.1), 29	26.2 (3.6), 27	26.0 (3.8), 23	0.2, 0.86	−0.6, 0.40
Control	27.0 (2), 34	26.9 (1.5), 19	26.1 (2.9), 28	26.8 (2.7), 20	27.2 (1.3), 20	(−1.2 to 0.8; −2.6 to 0.4)	(−1.2 to 0.5; −1.4 to 1.7)
FACT Emotional well-being (0–24-best)
Exercise	19.1 (4.7), 36	20.2 (3), 31	19.5 (4.1), 29	20.5 (3), 27	20.9 (3.3), 23	−0.7, 0.38	0.1, 0.92
Control	18.5 (4.7), 34	20.9 (3), 19	19.4 (3.6), 28	20.8 (4.3), 20	21.0 (3.3), 20	(−0.8 to 1.2; −0.1 to 2.4)	(−1.1 to 2.5; −1.4 to 1.8)
FACT Functional well-being (0–28-best)
Exercise	21.2 (6.2), 36	21.6 (4.4), 31	22.6 (4.9), 29	18.4 (5.5), 27	20.0 (4.5), 23	1.5, 0.25	−0.7, 0.59
Control	22.1 (6), 34	18.6 (7.2), 19	21.8 (6.1), 28	20.9 (5.5), 20	21.8 (4.9), 19	(−1.0 to 3.2; −2.1 to 1.4)	(−1.0 to 2.77; 0.5–3.7)
FACT Additional concerns (0–68-best)
Exercise	49.4 (10.2), 34	52.7 (9.7), 31	59.3 (7.5), 29	51.7 (6.3), 27	53.9 (7.5), 23	2.0, 0.47	0.7, 0.75
Control	49.4 (13), 32	52.5 (13.6), 17	57.8 (12.5), 27	52.9 (8.8), 20	53.0 (7.3), 20	(5.9–14.3; 3.7–12.7)	(0.3–4.4; −3.6 to 6.4)
Surgical Fear Questionnaire
Surgical fear Short-term (0–40-very afraid)
Exercise	12.5 (10.1), 36	13.3 (10.1), 31	11.9 (11.7), 30	—	—	−1.5, 0.50	—
Control	9.7 (9.7), 35	10.0 (9.1), 20	10.1 (10.6), 28			(−4.0 to 2.4; −1.7 to 6.7)
Surgical fear Long-term (0–40-very afraid)
Exercise	17.8 (14.1),6	16.6 (14.1),1	15.2 (13.9),0	—	—	−2.0, 0.45	—
Control	13.1 (12.1), 35	14.3 (13.3), 20	12.3 (13.8), 28			(−4.3 to 0.5; −2.7 to 2.5)
Surgical fear Overall (0–80-very afraid)
Exercise	30.3 (23.1), 36	29.9 (23.3), 31	27.1 (24), 30	—	—	−3.6, 0.43	—
Control	22.8 (19.5), 35	24.3 (21), 20	22.4 (22.2), 28			(−7.8 to 2.5; −3.7 to 8.5)
General Self-efficacy (0–40-best)
Exercise	34.4 (4.5), 34	34.1 (4.8), 31	34.9 (4.1), 29	34.5 (3.9), 27	35.7 (4), 23	1.3, 0.20	−0.0, 0.99
Control	35.1 (4.2), 34	33.5 (5.5), 17	34.3 (4.5), 27	34.5 (4.9), 20	35.0 (4.2), 20	(−0.7 to 2.2; −2.4 to 0.9)	(−0.3 to 2.3; −0.7 to 2.8)
Pearlin Mastery Scale (7–48-best)
Exercise	30.5 (8.2), 36	32.4 (7), 31	30.9 (6.1), 29	33.6 (6.9), 27	33.7 (5.3), 23	1.3, 0.55	−3.0, 0.18
Control	31.4 (6.3), 34	30.4 (7.3), 19	29.9 (8.3), 28	30.6 (7.4), 20	33.5 (6.2), 20	(−3.5 to 1.9; −4.5 to 2.9)	(−3.8 to 2.4; −1.1 to 6.6)