TABLE 1.
Study characteristics (n = 50).
| Author (year) | Country | Design | Sample | Age (year) | Female | Population | Outcome measurement | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Al Maqbali et al. (2023) | United Arab Emirates | Cross‐sectional | 918 | 18 years and above | 787 (85.7) | Undergraduate nursing students | Insomnia severity index (ISI) |
| 2 | Alhamed (2023) | Saudi Arabia | Cross‐sectional | 94 | 21.3 (3.1) | 55 (59.1) | Health science students | Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) |
| 3 | Alkalash et al. (2022) | KSA | Cross‐sectional | 198 | — | 81 (40.9) | Medical students | PSQI |
| 4 | Alrashed et al. (2021) | Saudi Arabia | Cross‐sectional | 453 | 18 years and above | 207 (44.7) | 3rd to 5th year Medical students and interns | Insomnia severity index |
| 5 | Beltrame et al. (2022) | Brazil | Cross‐sectional | 200 | 22–41 | 121 (60.5) | Medical students | Portuguese—Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS‐BR) PSQI‐BR |
| 6 | Bhosale, Mathew, and Hegde (2024) | India | Cross‐sectional | 87 | — | — | Final year dental undergraduate students | Google form ‘has this lockdown period affect your sleep pattern?’ |
| 7 | Calderaro et al. (2023) | Brazil | Cross‐sectional | 684 | 23.15 ± 3.16 | 429 (63%) | Undergraduate medical students | Online surveys |
| 8 | Chhakchhuak et al. (2023) | India | Cross‐sectional | 363 | 18–25 | 135 (37.2) | Undergraduate medical students | Self‐reported sleep disturbances |
| 9 | Coppi et al. (2022) | Italy | Cross‐sectional | 810 | 19–24 | 490 (60.5) | DentistryNursing Dental Hygiene | Number of hours sleeping and changes in the actual time of going to sleep subjective perception of sleeping well or changes in quality |
| 10 | da Silva et al. (2021) | Brazil | Cross‐sectional | 161 | 18–40 | 140 (86.96) | Undergraduate students in speech‐language pathology of both genders | PSQI two items from the World Health Organization Quality of Life–Brief Version (WHOQOL‐BREF) |
| 11 | Daniel et al. (2022) | USA | Cross‐sectional | 496 | — | — | Health service Psychology graduate students | Epidemic‐pandemic impacts inventory |
| 12 | Dwivedi et al. (2023) | India | Interventional study | 549 | 19.56 (0.6) | 203 (36.08) | Undergraduate medical students | PSQI |
| 13 | Elsalem et al. (2020) | Jordan | Cross‐sectional | 1019 | — | 668 (65.6) | Medicine Dentistry Pharmacy Nursing Applied Medical Sciences | Self‐reported sleeping hours |
| 14 | François Isnaldo et al. (2023) | Brazil | Cross‐sectional | 100 | 21–40 | 74 (74) | Dental students | PSQI |
| 15 | Gupta et al. (2022) | India | Cross‐sectional | 419 | — | — | Medical students | Online semi‐structured questionnaire: Lack of proper sleep |
| 16 | Gupta, Jagzape, and Kumar (2021) | India | Mixed‐methods | 10 for qualitative, 88 for quantitative | — | — | 1st‐year Medical students | Online survey and telephonic interview |
| 17 | Haskett et al. (2022) | USA | Cross‐sectional | 195 | 24.9 (3.7) | 116 (63) | Medical students | Self‐reported survey |
| 18 | Hisato et al. (2023) | Poland | Cross‐sectional | 461 | 18 years and above | 319 (69.2) | Health professional students | Self‐reported |
| 19 | Ionescu, Chendea, and Licu (2023) | Romania | Cross‐sectional | 463 | 19 years and above | 285 (71.4) | Undergraduate medical students | ISI |
| 20 | Iqbal et al. (2023) | Malaysia | Cross‐sectional | 472 | 18 years and above | 385 (81.6) | Undergraduate medical students | ISI |
| 21 | Ito et al. (2022) | Japan | Cross‐sectional | 1197 | — | 1126 (94.1) | First‐ to fourth‐year Nursing students | Online survey‐based insomnia severity index‐7 |
| 22 | Joseph et al. (2022) | Jordan | Cross‐sectional | 207 | 18 years and above | 199 (96.1) | Nursing | Self‐reported quality of sleep: Quality of sleep (5‐point Likert): 1–slept poorly to 5–sSlept well |
| 23 | Kara (2021) | Turkey | Cross‐sectional | 402 | 18–39 | 300 (74.6) | Health professional students | Self‐reported sleep duration per night (‘1: ≤ 6 h’; ‘2: 7–8 h’; ‘3: ≥ 9 h’) the presence of sleep problems (yes or no) |
| 24 | Kochuvilayil et al. (2021) | Australia | Cross‐sectional | 212 | 18–23 | 191 (90) | Nursing students | Self‐reported |
| 25 | Kondo et al. (2021) | USA | Cross‐sectional | 557 | 20.4 (1.7) | 535 (96.1) | Undergraduate nursing students | Self‐reported sleeping hours per day |
| 26 | Kothiwale and Padhye (2023) | India | Cross‐sectional | 488 | — | — | Undergratuate dental students | Self‐reported |
| 27 | Laranjeira et al. (2021) | Portugal | Cross‐sectional | 1705 | 21.7 (4.44) | 994 (58.2) | Undergraduate nursing students | Self‐reported |
| 28 | Liao et al. (2022) | China | Cross‐sectional | 863 | 20.62 (1.45) | 532 (61.65) | Medicine Medical Technology Nursing | ISI |
| 29 | Medina‐Ramirez et al. (2022) | Peru | Cross‐sectional | 310 | 21.6 (3.0) | 193 (62.3) | Medical students | PSQI |
| 30 | Mishra et al. (2022) | India | Cross‐sectional | 267 | 18 years and above | 169 (59.5) | Undergraduate medical students | PSQI |
| 31 | Moses et al. (2023) | India | Cross‐sectional | 288 | — | 197 (68.4%) | Medical students | PSQI |
| 32 | Ranjan, Gupta, and Garg (2023) | India | Cross‐sectional | 432 | 17–25 | 190 (44) | Undergraduate medical students | Self‐reported |
| 33 | Romero‐Blanco et al. (2020 journal of clinical and diagnostic research) | Spain | Cross‐sectional | 207 | 20.57 (4.62) | 81.6 (169) | Nursing students | PSQI |
| 34 | Saraswathi et al. (2020) | India | Cross‐sectional | 217 | 20 (1.6) | 139 (64.1) | Undergraduate medical students | PSQI |
| 35 | Sasirekha et al. (2020) | India | Cross‐sectional | 200 | — | 112 (56) | Undergraduate medical and dental students | Self‐reported sleep duration |
| 36 | Sawant et al. (2023) | India | Cross‐sectional | 346 | 20.5 (2.5) | 138 (39.9) | Undergraduate medical students | Self‐reported |
| 37 | Sebastian, Tojo, and Fathima (2023) | India | Cross‐sectional | 171 | — | — | Medical students | PSQI |
| 38 | Shrestha et al. (2021) | Nepal | Cross‐sectional | 200 | 21.57 (1.52) | 60 (35.71) | Medical students | PSQI self‐reported sleep duration self‐reported sleep latency |
| 39 | Singh et al. (2021) | India | Cross‐sectional | 2225 | — | 1378 (61.9) | Medical students Nursing students | Self‐reported sleep disturbances |
| 40 | Singh, Kumar, and Kumari (2024) | India | Cross‐sectional | 145 | 18–25 | 61 (42.1) | Undergraduate medical students | Self‐reported |
| 41 | Singla, Chatterjee, and Mithra (2023) | India | Cross‐sectional | 319 | 19–22 | 192 (60.2) | Medical students | Self‐reported |
| 42 | Soni et al. (2021) | India | Cross‐sectional | 145 | 21.7 (6.56) | 61 (42.1) | Undergraduate medical students | Self‐reported disturbed sleep pattern |
| 43 | Sundarasamy, Thamizharasan, and Lalan (2020) | India | Cross‐sectional | 470 | — | 256 (54.5) | Medical students | Self‐reported sleep pattern change |
| 44 | Sweety et al. (2023) | India | Cross‐sectional | 390 | 19.6 (2.4) | 208 (53.3) | Medical students | Self‐reported |
| 45 | Swetha and Sumitra (2023) | India | Cross‐sectional | 100 | 19–23 | — | Medical students | Questionnaire |
| 46 | Velarde‐García et al. (2022) | Spain | Qualitative study | 18 | 21–31 | 17 (94.4) | Undergraduate nursing students | Self‐reported |
| 47 | Wang et al. (2023) | China | Cross‐sectional | 3412 | 18 years and above | 2345 (68.7%) | Undergraduate medical students | ESS |
| 48 | Wu et al. (2022) | China | Cross‐sectional | 1336 | 18 years and above | 700 (52.4) | Medical students | PSQI |
| 49 | Xu et al. (2022) | China | Cross‐sectional | 402 | — | 297 (73.88) | Medical students | Self‐reported insomnia |
| 50 | Yadav et al. (2021) | Nepal | Cross‐sectional | 409 | 18–37 | 340 (83.1) | Health science students | Self‐reported sleep during the day |