TABLE 2.

Exemplar demonstrating the empirical use of sleep disturbance in health professional students during COVID‐19.

Participant characteristics	Attributes reflected	Antecedents reflected	Consequences reflected
A nursing student in their third year of their studies is required to be a clinical intern during COVID‐19 Sleep: difficult to fall asleep at night due to worry about COVID‐19 and the exam results. Whenever they thought of the exam, they could not breathe and thought they had anxiety. They woke up several times during sleep, and the sleep duration decreased. The student felt a headache after sleeping from time to time and had poor sleep quality	Altered circadian patterns Changed sleep duration Poor sleep quality	COVID‐19 related factor (the fear of COVID‐19) Academic stress	Physical health issue (headache) Mental health issue (anxiety)