Robustness results (N = 6 samples per condition (3 positive, 3 negative)).
| Parameter | Migration time RSD (%) | IS-corrected peak area RSD (%) |
|---|---|---|
| BGE concentration (25 ± 1 mM) | 0.70 | 1.53 |
| Capillary temperature (30 ± 1 °C) | 1.11 | 1.51 |
| Applied voltage (30–1 kV) | 4.26 | 3.19 |