Table 1. ROBINS-I assessment of the included studies.

ROBINS-I: Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions

Authors	Confounding	Selection of patients	Classification of interventions	Deviations from intended interventions	Missing data	Measurement of outcomes	Selection of reported results
Choi et al. (2016) [3]	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Kobayashi et al. (2015) [4]	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Poorman et al. (2014) [7]	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Herrick et al. (2018) [8]	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Elfiky et al. (2023) [9]	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Cabrera et al. (2023) [10]	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Liu et al. (2016) [11]	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Moderate
Walid et al. (2012) [12]	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate
Kim et al. (2023) [13]	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Chen et al. (2018) [14]	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Shi et al. (2021) [15]	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
von Eckardstein et al. (2015) [16]	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Pennington et al. (2019) [17]	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate
Gubin et al. (2018) [18]	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Adogwa et al. (2018) [19]	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate
Pivazyan et al. (2023) [20]	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate
Liang et al. (2020) [21]	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Armaghani et al. (2019) [22]	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Moderate
Brown (2004) [23]	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate