Table 1.

Characteristic details of the studies included.

S. No.	Study	Year of study	Type of study	Country	Condition diagnosed	Standard	AI model
1	de Groof et al. (2019)	2019	Prospective	Netherlands	Barrett’s Neoplasia	Histopathology	Deep learning algorithm
2	van der Sommen et al. (2016)	2015	Pilot	Netherlands	Barrette’s neoplasia	Histopathology	ANN
3	de Groof et al. (2020)	2019	Prospective	Netherlands	Barrett’s neoplasia	Histopathology	Deep learning algorithm
4	Struyvenberg et al. (2021)	2020	Retrospective	Netherlands	Barrett’s neoplasia	Histopathology	Deep learning algorithm
5	Ghatwary et al. (2019)	2019	Retrospective	UK	Early esophageal adenocarcinoma	Histopathology	CNN
6	Ebigbo et al. (2019)	2019	Retrospective	Germany	Esophageal adenocarcinoma	Histopathology	CNN
7	Xia et al. (2021)	2018	Pilot study	USA	Barrett’s neoplasia	Histopathology	CNN
8	Ebigbo et al. (2020)	2019	Retrospective	Germany	Barrett’s neoplasia	Histopathology	CNN
9	Oh et al. (2021)	2019	Retrospective	Korea	Gastrointestinal stromal tumors and leiomyoma	Histopathology	CNN
10	Yang et al. (2022)	2020	Retrospective	China	Gastrointestinal stromal tumors and leiomyoma	Histopathology	Deep learning algorithm
11	Wang D. et al. (2021)	2021	Retrospective	China	Sepsis	Laboratory tests	Random forest algorithm
12	Minoda et al. (2020)	2020	Retrospective	Japan	Gastrointestinal stromal tumors	Histopathology	CNN
13	Wang Y. K. et al. (2021)	2021	Pilot study	Taiwan	Barrett’s neoplasia	Histopathology	CNN
14	Cai et al. (2019)	2019	Retrospective	China	Esophageal adenocarcinoma	Histopathology	DNN
15	Okagawa et al. (2022)	2019	Retrospective	China	Esophageal adenocarcinoma	Histopathology	CNN
16	Guo et al. (2020)	2019	Prospective	Multicentred (China, USA, India)	Esophageal adenocarcinoma	Histopathology	Deep learning algorithm
17	Johnsson et al. (2020)	2020	Prospective	Sweden	Cardiac arrest	ECG	ANN