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. 2024 Oct 2;11(10):ofae561. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofae561

Table 1.

Characteristics of Included Studies With Data Included in a Meta-analysis

First Author Ref Pub Year Location Start Date End Date Ages (Cases) Assay Cutoff, pg/mL Source Data Population Definition of Case Definition of Control
Ahava [10] 2022 Helsinki, Finland 3/1/2020 5/31/2020 Me 54 Salocor Antigen Quantitative Assay Kit 2.97 No Samples sent to hospital laboratory RT-PCR+ NA
R 24–86
Blain [11] 2022 Montpellier, France 3/1/2021 4/30/2021 Me 91.1 COV-QUANTO 2.97 Yes Nursing home residents NP RT-PCR+ NA
R 74.7–101.8
Chenane [12] 2022 Paris, France 1/25/2020 9/2/2020 Me 63 COV-QUANTO 2.98 No French COVID cohort See clinical trial NA
IQR 52–71
Damhorst [13] 2023 Atlanta, Georgia, USA 3/17/2020 3/30/2021 Me 14 Quanterix Simoa 0.099 Yes Hospitalized children −3 to +14 d since RT-PCR+ and and within ≤14 d of symptoms; ≤10 d of hospitalization NA
R 0–20
Damhorst [14] 2023 Atlanta, Georgia, USA 1/4/2022 2/16/2022 Me 54.5 Quanterix Simoa 3 Yes Inpatient or emergency department RT-PCR+ NA
IQR 46–68
Favresse [15, 16] 2022 Belgium NR NR Me 77 Quanterix Simoa 0.099 Yes Inpatient and outpatient RT-PCR+ within 1 da,b NA
R 20–97
Hingrat [17] 2020 France 1/25/2020 9/2/2020 NR COVID-19 Quantigene CE-IVD ELISA microplate assays 2.98 No Clinical trial cohorts French COVID (NCT04262921) and CoV-CONTACT (NCT04259892) See clinical trials NA
Jilg [18] 2023 Multinational 1/1/2021 7/31/2021 NR Quanterix Simoa 3 No Outpatient (ACTIV-2 trial) See clinical trial NA
Li [19] 2020 Anhui Province, China NR NR NR BIOHIT ELISA 2 No Inpatient RT-PCR+ and CT changes RT-PCR & N Ab negative
Ogata [20] 2020 Boston, Massachusetts, USA 3/25/2020 5/20/2020 Me 63 Quanterix Simoa 0.02 Yes Patients presenting to hospital RT-PCR+ RT-PCR-
R 19–91
Oueslati [21] 2022 France 3/1/2020 12/31/2020 NR COV-QUANTO 2.98 No Patients with respiratory symptoms RT-PCR+ same day RT-PCR-
Parraud [22] 2023 France 3/1/2020 4/30/2020 Me 67 COV-QUANTO 3 Yes Inpatient RT-PCR+ NA
R 27–86
Perna [23] 2021 Italy NR NR Mn 60 Lumipulse G SARS-CoV-2 Ag CLEIA 0.1c Yes Inpatient COVID-19 NA
SEM 7
Rogers [24] 2022 Multinational 8/1/2020 11/15/2021 Me 57 Quanterix Simoa 3 No TICO clinical trial (inpatients) ≤12 d of symptoms NA
IQR 46–68
Saini [25] 2023 Chicago, Illinois, USA NR NR Me 35 Quanterix Simoa 1.25 Yes Outpatient and inpatient SC2 negative
R 27–67
Shan [26] 2021 Bonn, Germany 3/30/2020 6/17/2020 NR Quanterix Simoa 1.25 SI Inpatient and commercial source RT-PCR+ NA
Sigal [27] 2022 USA 6/17/2020 6/17/2021 R 0.1–20.8 MSD S-PLEX 1.28 Yes Overcoming COVID-19 Immunobiology Study (inpatients) RT-PCR+ same day and symptoms RT-PCR- same day
Su [28] 2021 Beijing, China NR NR Mn 57.9 Quanterix Simoa 0.0157 No Hospital, inpatient or outpatient not specified RT-PCR+ RT-PCR-
SD 15.1
Sullivan [29] 2023 USA 8/1/2020 7/31/2021 NR Quanterix Simoa 3 No Inpatient RT-PCR+ within 14 d NA
Swank [30] 2022 Boston, Massachusetts, USA NR NR Me 53 Quanterix Simoa NR Yes COVID-19 with and without PASC Previously infected with SARS-CoV-2a NA
R 0–83
Thudium [31] 2021 Denmark 3/3/2020 2/2/2021 Me 50.3 Solsten ELISAd 10 Yes Inpatient and outpatient Upper respiratory tract PCR+b URT PCR negative
R 13.9–101.8
Verkerke [32] 2021 Atlanta, Georgia, USA NR NR NR Quanterix Simoa 0.099 Yes Inpatient RT-PCR+ with symptom onset documenteda NA
Verkerke [33] 2022 Atlanta, Georgia, USA 1/11/2021 3/12/2021 Mn 60.6 Quanterix Simoa 0.099 Yes Inpatient and outpatient SC2+ test (any) and −3 to 14 d since symptom onset RT-PCR- same day
IQR 52.2–73.0
Veyrenche [34] 2022 Montpellier, France 3/1/2020 5/31/2021 Me 63.0 COV-QUANTO 2.97 Yes Inpatient SC2 infected NA
R 30.0–98.5
Wang [35] 2021 San Francisco, California, USA 3/1/2020 11/30/2020 Me 56 MSD S-PLEX 0.631 Yes Inpatient and outpatient NAAT+ and symptomatic NAAT-
R 0–94
Wick [36] 2022 San Francisco, California, USA 3/1/2020 8/31/2021 Me 54.7 Quanterix Simoa 3 Yes Inpatient RT-PCR+ NA
R 18.6–88.2
Yonker [37] 2021 Boston, Massachusetts, USA NR NR Me 14 Quanterix Simoa 1.45 No Inpatient and outpatient RT-PCR+ NA
R 0.04–22
Zhang [38] 2021 San Francisco, California, USA 3/1/2020 7/31/2020 Me 48 BIOHIT 2.97 No Inpatient and outpatient RT-PCR+ RT-PCR-
Zhang [39] 2022 Anhui Province, China 1/1/2020 2/28/2020 Me 49 (Ag+) BIOHIT ELISA 10 No Inpatient RT-PCR+ NA
Me 31 (Ag-)

Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CT, computed tomography; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IQR, interquartile range; Me, median; Mn, mean; NA, not applicable; NAAT, nucleic acid amplification test; NP, nasopharyngeal; NR, not reported; PASC, postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection; R, range; RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SC2, SARS-CoV-2; SI, source data in supplementary information.

aFor studies with a significant number of measurements >2 weeks after COVID-19 symptom onset, only those with ≤14 days of symptoms were included in the least restrictive meta-analysis.

bFor studies with a significant number of measurements >2 weeks after first SARS-CoV-2-positive test, only those ≤14 days since positive testing were included in the least restrictive meta-analysis.

cCutoff value for Perna et al. was determined from source data.

dThe CE-IVD labeled, Solsten SARS-CoV-2 Antigen ELISA Kit (Solsten Diagnostics Intl., Aarhus, Denmark).