Table 3.
MSLQ score according to chronotype
| A | ||||
| Parameters of MSLQ | Chronotype | p-value | ||
| Morning | Intermediate | Evening | ||
| Intrinsic Goal Orientation (IGO) |
5.0 (2.0-7.0) |
4.8 (1.0-7.0) |
4.3 (1.0-7.0) |
<0.01 |
| Extrinsic Goal Orientation (EGO) |
4.8 (1.0-7.0) |
4.8 (1.0-6.8) |
4.3 (1.0-7.0) |
<0.01 |
| Task Value (TV) |
5.3 (2.2-7.0) |
5.2 (1.3-7.0) |
4.7 (1.0-7.0) |
<0.01 |
| Control of Learning Beliefs (CLB) |
5.3 (2.0-7.0) |
5.0 (1.0-7.0) |
5.0 (1.8-7.0) |
0.12 |
| Self-efficacy for Learning and Performance (SEL) |
4.6 (1.6-7.0) |
4.6 (1.0-7.0) |
4.1 (1.0-6.8) |
<0.01 |
| Test Anxiety (TA) |
4.5 (1.2-7) |
4.4 (1.0-6.8) |
4.2 (1.4-6.8) |
0.12 |
| B | ||||
| Variable | Comparison | p-value | Effect Size (Vargha & Delaney's A) | |
| IGO | Morning vs Intermediate | 1.0 | 0.53 | |
| IGO | Morning vs Evening | <0.01 | 0.66 | |
| IGO | Intermediate vs Evening | <0.01 | 0.37 | |
| EGO | Morning vs Intermediate | 0.56 | 0.54 | |
| EGO | Morning vs Evening | <0.01 | 0.65 | |
| EGO | Intermediate vs Evening | <0.01 | 0.40 | |
| TV | Morning vs Intermediate | <0.01 | 0.59 | |
| TV | Morning vs Evening | <0.01 | 0.68 | |
| TV | Intermediate vs Evening | 0.01 | 0.40 | |
| SELP | Morning vs Intermediate | 1.0 | 0.52 | |
| SELP | Morning vs Evening | <0.01 | 0.65 | |
| SELP | Intermediate vs Evening | <0.01 | 0.38 | |
The data are given as medians and ranges, n = 540. MSLQ Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted to examine the differences in MSLQ scores according to the chronotype (A) and post-hoc test for multiple comparisons (B). The results were adjusted by adding degrees of freedom, Kruskal-Wallis H statistic, and effect size (Vargha & Delaney’s A for Dunns’ test)
A value of p < 0.05 was considered as significant