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. 2024 Sep 16;20(13):5043–5055. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.97166

Figure 5.

Figure 5

PAD2 specific inhibitors promoted THP-1 macrophage towards M2 polarization through autophagy. THP-1 cells were treated with PMA to induce differentiation for 22-24 hours prior to infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) at a multiplicity of 100. Cells were then pre-treated with or without 1 µM AFM32a or AFM41a for 24 hours, then treated with or without PA for 1 hour. (A) Cells were treated with 1 µM AFM41a in combination with 5 µM 3MA, and the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 were determined in the cell culture supernatant. (B) Cells were treated with 1 µM AFM41a in combination with 5 µM 3MA, and the expression of iNOS and CD206 were quantified by western blotting. (C) Cells were treated with 1 µM AFM41a in combination with 5 µM 3MA. The phagocytic capacity of cells was measured using pHrodo Red E. coli BioParticles. Data are representative of three independent experiments expressed as means ± SEM. *p < 0.05 vs Control; ***p < 0.001 vs Control; #p<0.05 vs PA; #p<0.001 vs PA; NS, not significant.