Table 2.
Factors associated with very severe anaemia in univariate and multivariate analysis in individuals with SCD at enrolment and during clinic visits.
| Parameter (n = sample size at enrolment) | At enrolment |
All clinic visits |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Haemoglobin ≥5 g/dL, [mean ± SD or n (%)] | Very severe anaemia (Haemoglobin <5 g/dL) [mean ± SD/n (%)] | Univariatea, single event, OR (95% CI) | Multivariablea, single event (n = 2728, R2 = 0.25), OR (95% CI) | Multivariable, multiple eventsb (n = 25,897), OR (95% CI) | |
| Age (years) (3570) | 7.0 (3.2–12.9) | 8.0 (4.2–14.4) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.06 (1.04–1.09)∗∗ | 1.03 (1.02–1.05)∗∗ |
| Sex-(males) (3586) | 1707 (49.6) | 84 (57.1) | 1.35 (0.97–1.89) | ||
| Pallor (1256) | 414 (34.1) | 30 (73.2) | 5.28 (2.62–10.64)∗∗ | ||
| Physical signs | |||||
| Pulse rate (3200) | 98.5 ± 20.6 | 104.3 ± 23.7 | 1.01 (1.01–1.02)∗∗ | 1.01 (1.00–1.02)∗ | 1.01 (1.01–1.02)∗∗ |
| Enlarged spleen (3142) | 310 (10.3) | 49 (38.9) | 5.55 (3.81–8.10) ∗∗ | 2.06 (1.27–3.34)∗ | 1.96 (1.58–2.42)∗∗ |
| Hepatomegaly (1095) | 57 (5.4) | 7 (19.4) | 4.24 (1.78–10.10)∗∗ | ||
| Laboratory features | |||||
| RBCc (3575) | 3.0 ± 0.7 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 0.54 (0.50–0.58)∗∗ | ||
| MCV (3575) | 79.1 ± 10.6 | 84.8 ± 13.3 | 1.05 (1.04–1.07)∗∗ | 1.06 (1.03–1.08)∗∗ | 1.06 (1.05–1.07)∗∗ |
| Macrocytosis (3575) | 255 (7.5) | 41 (25.9) | 4.34 (3.00–6.34)∗∗ | ||
| Microcytosis (3575) | 1717 (50.2) | 51 (32.3) | 0.47 (0.34–0.66)∗∗ | ||
| MCHC (3566) | 32.3 ± 2.0 | 30.7 ± 2.5 | 0.70 (0.64–0.76)∗∗ | 0.79 (0.70–0.89)∗∗ | 0.75 (0.71–0.79)∗∗ |
| RDW (3572) | 22.8 ± 3.8 | 26.0 ± 4.3 | 1.20 (1.16–1.25)∗∗ | 1.23 (1.17–1.29)∗∗ | 1.21 (1.18–1.23)∗∗ |
| Reticulocyte (1196) | 11.6 ± 7.6 | 14.7 ± 9.2 | 1.05 (1.02–1.08)∗∗ | ||
| WBC (3548) | 15.7 ± 6.2 | 19.5 ± 9.2 | 1.08 (1.05–1.10)∗∗ | ||
| Platelet countd (3528) | 426.2 ± 178.9 | 254.0 ± 196.5 | 0.94 (0.93–0.95)∗∗ | 0.97 (0.94–0.99)∗∗ | 0.95 (0.95–0.96)∗∗ |
| AST (1641) | 48.1 ± 20.9 | 57.0 ± 29.2 | 1.01 (1.01–1.03)∗ | ||
| High AST (1641) | 56 (3.5) | 5 (8.1) | 2.26 (0.87–5.85)∗ | ||
| LDHd (1504) | 1006 ± 419 | 1304 ± 616 | 1.01 (1.01–1.02)∗∗ | ||
∗∗p < 0.01, ∗p < 0.05, §p < 0.1.
RBC (10ˆ6/uL); MCV (fL); MCHC (g/dL); RDW (fL); Reticulocyte (%); WBC (10ˆ3/uL); Platelet count (10ˆ3/uL); AST (U/L); High AST (U/L); LDH (U/L).
RBC variable was excluded from multivariable models.
a
Logistic regression models.
b
GEE for binary (binomial) variable.
c
Scaled by 10 (i.e. RBC ∗ 10).
d
Scaled by 0.1 (i.e. LDH ∗ 0.1; Platelet count∗ 0.1).