Table 3.
Factors associated with very severe anaemia in univariate and multivariate analyses in children <5 years with SCD at enrolment and during visits.
| Parameter (n = sample size at enrolment) | Enrolment (First visit) |
Multiple visits |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Haemoglobin ≥5 g/dL, [mean ± SD or n/N (%)] | Very severe anaemia (Haemoglobin <5 g/dL), [mean ± SD or n/N (%)] | Univariableb, OR (95% CI) | Multivariableb (n = 1105, R2 = 0.28), OR (95% CI) | Multivariablec, multiple events (n = 3934), OR (95% CI) | |
| Age (years) (1350) | 2.5 (1.4–3.7)a | 2.7 (1.8–4.0)a | 1.04 (0.78–1.71) | 1.23 (0.92–1.65) | 1.101 (0.78–1.56) |
| Sex (male) (682) | 688 (53.4) | 38 (61.3) | 1.38 (0.82–2.33)∗ | ||
| Physical signs | |||||
| Pulse rate (1147) | 109.8 ± 23.3 | 113.4 ± 28.3 | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | ||
| Pallor (334) | 107 (33.2) | 8 (66.7) | 4.02 (1.18–13.65) ∗ | ||
| Enlarged spleen (1153) | 129 (11.8) | 28 (48.3) | 7.00 (4.04–12.08)∗∗ | 3.25 (1.56–6.79)∗∗ | 2.13 (1.41–3.21)∗∗ |
| Hepatomegaly (253) | 16 (6.6) | 1 (10.0) | 1.58 (0.19–13.23) | ||
| Laboratory features | |||||
| RBCd (1347) | 3.11 ± 0.74 | 1.70 ± 0.36 | 0.46 (0.39–0.55)∗∗ | ||
| MCV (1348) | 77.7 ± 10.1 | 83.1 ± 14.4 | 1.06 (1.03–1.09)∗∗ | 1.08 (1.05–1.02)∗∗ | |
| Macrocytosis (1348) | 58 (4.5) | 14 (22.9) | 6.31 (3.29–12.12)∗∗ | ||
| Microcytosis (1348) | 724 (56.3) | 22 (36.1) | 0.44 (0.26–0.75)∗∗ | ||
| MCH (1336) | 24.7 ± 8.7 | 28.7 ± 28.9 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02)∗∗ | ||
| MCHC (1344) | 31.5 ± 1.7 | 30.1 ± 2.0 | 0.61 (0.52–0.72)∗∗ | 0.68 (0.55–0.85)∗∗ | 0.79 (0.69–0.90)∗∗ |
| RDW (1344) | 23.6 ± 3.6 | 26.7 ± 4.0 | 1.21 (1.14–1.29)∗∗ | 1.16 (1.07–1.26)∗∗ | 1.23 (1.17–1.29)∗∗ |
| Reticulocyte (1344) | 13.3 ± 8.1 | 16.4 ± 9.8 | 1.4 (0.99–1.09)§ | ||
| WBC (1326) | 18.2 ± 6.9 | 21.3 ± 9.6 | 1.06 (1.02–1.09)∗∗ | 1.06 (1.01–1.11)∗∗ | |
| Platelet counte (1329) | 385.3 ± 174.0 | 205.3 ± 165.8 | 0.92 (0.90–0.94)∗∗ | 0.95 (0.92–0.97)∗∗ | 0.95 (0.94–0.97)∗∗ |
| AST (512) | 49.4 ± 20.6 | 54.8 ± 31.5 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | ||
| LDHe (494) | 1005 ± 426 | 1159 ± 514 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | ||
∗∗p < 0.01, ∗p < 0.05, §p < 0.1.
a
Inter-quartile range.
b
Logistic regression models.
c
GEE for binary (binomial) variable.
d
Scaled by 10 (i.e. RBC ∗ 10).
e
Scaled by 0.1 (i.e. LDH ∗ 0.1; Platelet count∗ 0.1).