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. 2024 Oct 18;14:24512. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-75514-x

Table 3.

Detailed clinical findings and progression of individuals with autoantibody positivity.

# Autoantibody and related data Sex, age Exact diagnosis Vaccination-to-event time Event-to-sampling time Vaccine, dose Presentation and findings Clinical history and management
#1 Protein S, Conc: 9.46 ug/ml, Activity: 40.6% (low) Female, 55 Coagulation-related: Thrombophlebitis 30 days 92 days Comirnaty, second Post-vax day 30: Hospitalized with thrombophlebitis and varicose veins, without trauma history. Superficial venous insufficiency history. Used supplements containing magnesium and vitamins B and D within prior 3 months. Negative for COVID-19 (anti-N protein: 140 AUs). Discharged following supportive treatment.
#2 Protein S, Conc: 13.01 ug/ml, Activity: 119.6% Female, 24 Coagulation-related: Thrombocytopenia 21 days 50 days Comirnaty, second Post-vax day 20: Excessive menstrual bleeding. Purpura developed after suffering from an unusually large bruise in a contact sport. Post-vax day 21: Severe thrombocytopenia without thrombotic complications. Platelets: 6000/µl, Leukocytes: 2700/µl, Hemoglobin: 13.0 g/dl, Erythrocytes: 4.2 × 106/ml No comorbidities, used paracetamol within prior 3 months. Negative for COVID-19 (anti-N protein: 128.5 AUs). Treated with prednisolone 1 mg/kg/day. Eventually tapered down to 10 mg/day and terminated after return to normal platelet counts. Discharged without other remarks.
#3 Protein S, Conc: 14.83 ug/ml, Activity: 6.76% (low) Male, 78 Coagulation-related: Pulmonary emboli 19 days 101 days Vaxzevria, first Post-vax day 29: Admitted with poor general condition and fatigue. CRP: 70, Leukocytes: 10500/µl, Hb 12.5 g/dl, D-dimer: 3.1. Troponin I: 17 ng/L, NTproBNP: 467. Thorax CT confirmed emboli in conjunction with symptomatology. Imaging studies revealed pulmonary embolism, other potential causes of pulmonary emboli were ruled out. Comorbidities: high blood pressure, myocardial infarct, sick sinus syndrome (pacemaker), hypercholesterolemia. Used candesartan, hydrochlorothiazide, bisoprolol, acetylsalicylic acid, simvastatin and vitamin D within prior 3 months. Negative for COVID-19 (anti-N protein: 163 AUs). Started on Eliquis therapy planned for 6 months. Routine management, recovering at last follow-up visit.
#4 Protein S, Concentration and activity not measured due to unavailability Male, 71 Other AEFI: Guillain-Barré 13 days 235 days Vaxzevria, first Symptoms started with paresthesia in the hands and feet. Over few days, disease progressed to weakness in both arms and legs. Autonomic dysfunction and symptoms of cranial nerve involvement were noted. Neurophysiological findings, cerebrospinal fluid results, and laboratory analyses were consistent with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Comorbidities: diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension, surgery for prostate cancer (3 years prior). Negative for COVID-19 (anti-N protein: 60 AUs). Treated with plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) with moderate efficacy.
#5 Protein S, Conc: 18.61 ug/ml, Activity: 187.2% (high) Female, 77 Other AEFI: Vestibular neuritis 4 days 184 days Comirnaty, first Post-vax day 4: admitted to hospital due to poor general condition. Described dizziness since the same morning. Stroke ruled out. Post-vax day 5: movements exceedingly limited due to vertigo. Brain MRI normal. Diagnosed with left-sided vestibular neuritis. Comorbidities: high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, history of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Takes metoprolol, lercanidipine. Smoker (10 cigarettes per day). Alcohol use 6 days per week. Negative for COVID-19 (anti-N protein: 74.5 AUs). Treated with methylprednisolone, discharged on post-vax day 9 following significant improvement.
#6 Protein S, Conc: 10.75 ug/ml, Activity: 125.18% Female, 73 Coagulation-related: Pulmonary emboli and Cerebral infarct 2 days 238 days Vaxzevria, first Post-vax day 3: Patient found unconscious and was presumed to be in such state for around 2 days. Electrocardiography normal. Thorax CT showed pulmonary embolism. Brain CT revealed a small infarct in the left thalamus. Comorbidities: Depression, rheumatoid arthritis, goiter, gastroesophageal reflux, hypertension. Uses lithium and omeprazole. Negative for COVID-19 (anti-N protein: 186 AUs). Treated with Metoprolol for sinus tachycardia, Eliquis for pulmonary emboli, and Atorvastatin was begun for stroke. Improvement noted by post-vax day 50, except for recurring headaches.
#7 Anti-phospholipid, IgG-type Male, 26 Other AEFI: Myocarditis 4 days 412 days Comirnaty, second Post-vax day 1: Fatigue, fever, asthenia, and headache. Day 3: Minor chest pain and syncope episode. Day 4: Admitted for chest pain radiating to the left arm. Electrocardiography was normal, but troponin I > 12674 ng/L, CRP: 11 mg/L, leukocytes: 8900/µl, NTproBNP: 388. Other blood counts normal. Transthoracic echo and heart MRI confirmed myocarditis without pericarditis. No comorbidities. Used ibuprofen, loperamide and floxacillin within prior 3 months. Negative history for COVID-19 (anti-N protein not measured). Managed with supportive treatment. Complete recovery noted on post-vax day 52.
#8 Anti-phospholipid, IgG-type Male, 19 Other AEFI: Myocarditis 53 days 360 days Comirnaty, second Post-vax day 43: Flu-like symptoms Post-vax day 53: chest pain and hospital admission. Electrocardiography normal. Max troponin I: 47000 ng/L, NTproBNP: 70, CRP: 2.2, no other abnormalities. Electrocardiogram normal. Myocarditis confirmed with MRI. Comorbidity: asthma. Regular use of inhaler (Budesonide + formoterol). Negative history for COVID-19 (anti-N protein not measured). Discharged after complete recovery on post-vax day 104. Monitored with Telemedicine after discharge, reported returning to normal daily life without any complaints.