Table 3.

Independent and joint associations of diurnal patterns of physical activity and sleep with all-cause mortality

	Case/N	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Physical activity
Early-morning	242/2159	1.30 (1.06–1.59)	1.33 (1.11–1.60)	1.36 (1.13–1.64)
Late-afternoon	112/1677	1.44 (0.97–2.15)	1.19 (0.84–1.69)	1.21 (0.85–1.71)
Midday	235/2837	1.00 (Reference)	1.00 (Reference)	1.00 (Reference)
Sleep
Irregular sleep	292/2493	1.78 (1.36–2.33)	1.44 (1.09–1.90)	1.42 (1.01–1.99)
Morning lark	193/2245	1.00 (Reference)	1.00 (Reference)	1.00 (Reference)
Night owl	104/1935	1.06 (0.68–1.65)	1.01 (0.64–1.58)	1.02 (0.65–1.60)
Joint pattern of physical activity and sleep
Early-morning & Morning lark	109/1146	1.04 (0.77–1.40)	1.09 (0.80–1.47)	1.11 (0.82–1.51)
Early-morning & Night owl	13/246	1.11 (0.46–2.71)	1.17 (0.47–2.92)	1.24 (0.49–3.10)
Early-morning & Irregular sleep	120/767	2.32 (1.65–3.25)	1.91 (1.37–2.67)	1.92 (1.33–2.78)
Late-afternoon & Morning lark	3/59	2.75 (0.93–8.16)	2.31 (0.83–6.41)	2.50 (0.91–6.86)
Late-afternoon & Night owl	31/750	1.25 (0.75–2.09)	0.97 (0.56–1.68)	1.00 (0.58–1.74)
Late-afternoon & Irregular sleep	78/868	2.29 (1.43–3.65)	1.57 (0.98–2.53)	1.56 (0.94–2.58)
Midday & Morning lark	81/1040	1.00 (Reference)	1.00 (Reference)	1.00 (Reference)
Midday & Night owl	60/939	1.02 (0.63–1.66)	0.98 (0.58–1.63)	0.99 (0.59–1.65)
Midday & Irregular sleep	94/858	1.38 (0.94–2.02)	1.14 (0.75–1.73)	1.13 (0.74–1.71)

Model 1: adjusted for age and sex

Model 2: additionally adjusted for ethnicity, educational level, marital status, family income, body mass index, alcohol intake, smoking status, alternative healthy eating index, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, hypertension, and hyperlipidaemia based on model 1

Model 3: additionally adjusted for accelerometer-measured physical activity volume and sleep duration per day based on model 2