Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies on the frequency of exposure to Toxoplasma Gondii in patients with COVID-19
| Authors | Year | Study design | Country and continent | Participants with COVID-19 (n) | T. gondii in patients with COVID-19 | Sex | Age (Years) |
Comorbidities / Signs and symptoms | COVID19 diagnosis | Deaths | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IgG | IgM | PCR | M | F | |||||||||||
| Abdel-Hamed EF, et al. (11) | 2021 | Cross sectional | Egypt/Africa | 375 | 58 | NS | NR | 246 | 129 | Mean: 44.72 | HTN (12), DM (12), DM and HTN (8), Chronic heart disease (21), and Chronic lung disease (74) | RT-PCR | NR | ||
| Sharaf-El-Deen SA, et al. (12) | 2021 | Case-control | Egypt/Africa | 100 | 54 | NS | NR | 54 | 46 | Over 50 years old | 58 patients with comorbidities | RT-PCR | NR | ||
| Ghaffari S, et al. (13) | 2021 | Cross sectional | Iran/Asia | 269 | 226 | NR | NR | 105 | 164 | Mean: 60.9 | Bleeding (58), Trombose (13), Cough (217), Dyspnea (150), Fever (221), Gastrointestinal signs (45), Muscular Pain (150), and Headache (156) | RT-PCR | NR | ||
| Halawi M, et al. (14) | 2021 | Cross sectional | Saudi Arabia/Asia | 417 | 268 | 2 | NR | 150 | 267 | < 30 (153), 30–50 (234), > 50 (30) | NR | RT-PCR | NR | ||
| Geraili A, et al. (15) | 2022 | Cross sectional | Iran/Asia | 161 | 42 | 8 | NR | 80 | 81 | Mean: 50.0 |
Fever > 38 °C (39), Cough (41), Shortness of breath (60) HTN (20), Chronic heart disease (25), and Chronic pulmonary disease (13) |
RT-PCR | 113 | ||
| Montazeri M, et al. (16) | 2022 | Cross sectional | Iran/Asia | 133 | 109 | 0 | 0 | 63 | 70 | Mean: 58.95 | DM/HTN/CHD (76) | RT-PCR | 14 | ||
| Galván-Ramírez MdlL, et al. (9) | 2023 | Cross sectional | Mexico/America | 384 | 105 | 26/191 | NR | 142 | 242 | Mean: 47.31 | HTN (2), DM (24), respiratory diseases (2), and Cardiac Diseases (1) | IgG | NR | ||
| Habib S, et al. (17) | 2023 | Cross sectional | Egypt/Africa | 44 | 33 | NR | NR | 31 | 13 | Range: 50-75.5 | HTN (3), DM (4), Renal (2), Hepatic (4), Thyroid (2), deep vein thrombosis (1), Hernia (1), Gout (1), Cardiac (1), and Oncology (1) | RT-PCR | NR | ||
| Mahmoudi MR, et al. (18) | 2023 | Cross sectional | Iran/Asia | 210 | 155 | NR | NR | 111 | 99 | Mean: 60.9 | NR | RT-PCR | 48 | ||
| Gouda MA, et al. (19) | 2023 | Cross sectional | Egypt/Africa | 330 | 114 | 0 | 11 | 42/114 | 72/114 |
Mean: 77,14 (M) Mean: 94.90 (F) |
HTN (18), DM (11), Asthma (2) and Cardiac (5) | RT-PCR | 3 | ||
| Gouda MA, et al. (20) | 2023 | Case-control | Egypt/Africa | 375 | 108 | NS | NR | 154 | 221 | Range: 14–80 | HTN (40), DM (20), Asthma (8), and Cardiac (8) | RT-PCR | 2 | ||
| Hasanzadeh M, et al. (21) | 2024 | Case-control | Iran/Asia | 70 | 25 | 0 | 10 | 56 | 14 | Mean: 36 | NR | RT-PCR | NR | ||
| Abdeltawab MSA, et al. (22) | 2024 | Case-control | Egypt/Africa | 79 | 26 | NR | NR | 41 | 38 | Mean: 56,4 | NR | RT-PCR | NR | ||
M/F: Male/Female¸ NS: Not specified; RT-PCR: real-time polymerase chain reaction, IgG: Immunoglobulin G, IgM: Immunoglobulin M, NR: Not reported; HTN: Hypertension; DM: Diabetes