Table 1. Statins utilized across different studies till date in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery.

N/A: not applicable; RCT: randomized controlled trial; PRF: platelet-rich fibrin; RCTs: randomized controlled trials; CBCT-PAI: cone beam computed tomography-periapical index; TCA: tricalcium phosphate; NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SACC: salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma; TMJ: temporomandibular joint; SIM: simvastatin; LAO-G-gelatin: lactic acid oligomer-G-gelatin; PLGA/HA/b-TCP: poly (d, l-lactide-co-glycolide)/hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate; OSCC: oral squamous cell carcinoma; OAS: overall survival; RFS: recurrence-free survival; PDLCs: periodontal ligament cells

Study Name	Year	Material Used	Purpose	Parameters Assessed	Study Design	Sample Size	Results Observed	Overall Inference Drawn
Abdulrab et al. [18]	2019	1% Simvastatin mouthwash (20 mg tablet dissolved in distilled water)	COVID-19 (as antimicrobial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory)	Anti-viral and anti-bacterial effects of statins	In vitro studies and meta-analysis	N/A	Statins showed promising anti-bacterial effects against periodontal pathogens and potential anti-viral effects against SARS-CoV-2	Topical statins may minimize the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in dental settings, but clinical trials are needed
Abu Sheehah et al. [19]	2022	Simvastatin (10 mg) with normal saline	Bone augmentation and socket preservation in extraction socket	Bone regeneration, density, width, height	Comparative study	20 dental sockets	Significant increase in density, significant difference in width, no significant difference in height	Simvastatin induces bone formation, but cannot preserve alveolar bone height
Aljudaibi et al. [20]	2019	Simvastatin, rosuvastatin, and atorvastatin	Chronic periodontitis treatment	Efficacy of statins as an adjunct therapy for periodontal treatment	Systematic review and meta-analysis	15 studies	Statins, particularly simvastatin, improved periodontal parameters, including pocket depth and clinical attachment level gain, when used as adjunct therapy	Statins, especially simvastatin, may be beneficial as an adjunct therapy for periodontal treatment, but more research is needed
Ambrósio et al. [21]	2017	Simvastatin, Rrosuvastatin, atorvastatin	Adjuvant local delivery of statins	Adjunctive local delivery of statins, periodontal therapy	Systematic review and meta-analysis	10 RCTs	Local delivery of statins improved pocket depth and clinical attachment gain	Statins may be a promising adjunct to periodontal therapy
Bahrami-Hessari et al. [22]	2021	Systemic statins	Peri-implant bone loss	Peri-implantitis, bone loss, statin use	Retrospective cohort pilot study	60 exposed, 196 non-exposed	Statin use correlated with peri-implant bone loss	Statins may have a beneficial effect on peri-implant bone loss
Baliga et al. [23]	2018	Statin + PRF	Osteoradionecrosis of the lower jaw	Management of osteoradionecrosis with simvastatin and PRF	Case report	One patient	Remarkable healing of the non-healing socket with adequate gain in alveolar height.	A combination of simvastatin and PRF may be effective in managing Stage 1 osteoradionecrosis.
Cai et al. [24]	2018	Simvastatin (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 micromol/L	Human salivary	Proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, survivin expression	In vitro study	-	Simvastatin inhibited proliferation and invasion, induced apoptosis, and downregulated survivin expression	Simvastatin may be a novel target for SACC therapy
Cruz et al. [25]	2021	Simvastatin 1.2% with Polypropylene membrane	Healing of extraction socket	Dimensional changes, soft tissue healing, and pain perception in post-extraction sockets with simvastatin gel	Randomized controlled trial	26 patients	Simvastatin gel reduced dimensional changes, but not soft tissue healing and pain perception	Simvastatin gel is effective in reducing dimensional changes in post-extraction sockets
Degala et al. [26]	2018	Simvastatin (10 mg)	Regeneration of bone after surgical removal of Impacted third molars	Bone regeneration, pain, postoperative swelling, bone density	Randomized, split-mouth, single-blinded, single-center trial	30 patients	Significantly higher mean grey-level histographic values for study sockets at one, four, eight, and 12 weeks	Local application of simvastatin can stimulate and hasten osseous regeneration
Fu JH et al. [4]	2012	Different concentrations of statins	Implant healing and Osseointegration	Systemic medications, peri-implant bone healing	Literature review	-	Statins improve implant osseointegration, conflicting results for glucocorticoids and NSAIDs	Statins may improve peri-implant bone healing, but more research is needed
Gouda et al. [27]	2017	Beta-TCP and simvastatin (7.21 mg)	Sinus lift and osteoinductive capacity	Simvastatin, sinus augmentation, bone quality and quantity	Clinical trial	Six patients, eight sinus lift procedures	The simvastatin group showed higher newly formed bone, but a higher resorption rate	Simvastatin is safe and has promising osteoinductive capacity, but a larger sample size is needed
Gupta et al. [28]	2019	Simvastatin	Bone, soft tissue, and TMJ cartilage healing	Osteopromotive potential, soft tissue and TMJ cartilage healing properties of simvastatin	Systematic review	10 animal studies, six clinical studies	Simvastatin administration displays positive treatment outcomes in various oral therapies, including periodontal infection control and bone regeneration	Simvastatin is beneficial for the healing of oral bone and cartilage
Gupta S et al. [29]	2020	Simvastatin	Bone regeneration	Effectiveness of simvastatin, hydroxyapatite, and platelet-rich fibrin in bone regeneration of periapical defects	Randomized controlled trial	39 patients	Significant change in CBCT-PAI scores in the SIM group, indicating a faster rate of bone regeneration	Simvastatin is more effective in promoting bone regeneration compared to hydroxyapatite and platelet-rich fibrin
Harsha et al. [30]	2021	Simvastatin powder (10 mg) with gel foam	Third molar extraction socket for bone regeneration	Bone regeneration, density, pain, swelling	Randomized controlled trial	50 patients (100 extraction sockets)	Significant increase in bone density at first, fourth, eighth, and 12th weeks, reduced pain and swelling	Local application of simvastatin promotes and enhances bone formation in extraction sockets
Hayder et al. [31]	2021	Simvastatin powder (10 mg) with gel foam	Bone density after third molar removal	Bone regeneration, density	Prospective comparative randomized clinical study	24 patients (32 cases)	Significant increase in bone density three months postoperatively	Local application of simvastatin increases bone density in sockets of surgically extracted mandibular third molars
Jin et al. [32]	2021	Simvastatin	Bone regeneration	Molecular mechanisms of simvastatin on bone metabolism and angiogenesis, osteogenic differentiation, drug delivery systems	Review	-	Simvastatin promotes osteogenesis and angiogenesis, enhances bone regeneration	Simvastatin-loaded drug delivery systems have the potential for bone regeneration
Kabra et al. [33]	2023	Simvastatin	Different aspects of dental and oral health	Role of statins in oral health applications, including dentin regeneration, bone health, and wound healing	Review	-	Statins have promising effects on oral health, including dental pulp cells, chronic periodontitis, and alveolar bone loss	Statins, including simvastatin, have significant impact on enhancing oral health
Miyazawa et al. [34]	2015	A mixture of LAO- G-gelatin solution and Simvastatin solution	Odontoblastic differentiation	Odontoblastic differentiation, simvastatin, dental pulp stem cells	In vitro and in vivo study	-	Simvastatin enhanced odontoblastic differentiation and bone formation	Statins can enhance odontoblastic differentiation and bone formation
Noronha et al. [35]	2017	Poly (d, l-lactide-co-glycolide) with hydroxyapatite/b-TCP (PLGA/HA/b-TCP) scaffolds, 2.0% simvastatin scaffold	Extraction sockets of upper Third molars	Healing of maxillary third molars postextraction sockets with different ridge preservation techniques	Randomized controlled trial	26 sockets (13 patients)	Simvastatin-loaded scaffolds showed fewer clinical complications and graft loss	Simvastatin-loaded scaffolds are superior to others in ridge preservation
Park et al. [36]	2009	Simvastatin	Bone regeneration	Effects of simvastatin on bone formation, osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity, anti-inflammatory effects	Review	-	Simvastatin promotes bone formation, inhibits osteoclastic activity, has anti-inflammatory effects	Local application of simvastatin with carriers promotes bone formation
Saifi et al. [3]	2017	Simvastatin 10 mg mixed with gelatin sponge	Healing of extraction socket	Bone formation, density, pain, swelling	Prospective study	15 patients (30 extraction sites)	Significant increase in bone density at eighth and 16th weeks reduced pain and swelling	Local application of simvastatin induces bone formation in extraction sockets
Saka-Harran et al. [37]	2022	Different doses of statins	Oral squamous cell carcinoma	Statin use, head and neck cancer risk	Hospital-based case-control study	101 cases, 101 controls	No association between prior statin use and head and neck cancer risk	Statins do not have a beneficial effect on head and neck cancer risk
Sezavar et al. [38]	2018	Simvastatin 20 mg	Healing of extraction socket	Application of simvastatin in alveolar ridge preservation	Split-mouth study	10 dental sockets	The simvastatin group showed higher percentages of vital bone, amorphous, and trabecular bone, but no significant difference compared to the control group.	Simvastatin may improve the quality of osteogenesis in the jaw bone, but further studies are necessary.
Shah et al. [39]	2015	Statin (not specified)	Bone regeneration	Effects of statins on bone regeneration, bone turnover, and regeneration via effects on cell types	Review article	N/A	Statins have pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, and can affect bone turnover and regeneration	Statins are promising for bone regeneration and tissue engineering
Spoerl et al. [40]	2023	Statin (not specified)	OSCC patients (overall survival and recurrence-free survival)	Prognostic role of statins in OSCC	Retrospective cohort study	602	Statin use correlated with improved OAS and RFS in OSCC patients	Statin use may improve oncological outcomes in OSCC patients, but prospective clinical trials are needed
Tahamtan et al. [2]	2020	Statin (not specified)	Different aspects of dental and oral health	Effects of statins on dental and oral health	Literature review	N/A	Statins possess remarkable effects on various aspects of dental and oral health, including periodontitis, alveolar bone loss, osseointegration, and tissue healing.	Statins can be considered as novel therapeutic agents to improve dental and oral health.
Wu et al. [41]	2008	Simvastatin	Alveolar bone remodelling	Residual ridge resorption, bone turnover, bone formation, bone mineral density	Randomized controlled trial	60 male Wistar rats (30 in each group)	Significant increase in relative height of residual alveolar ridge, bone mineral density, and bone formation rate and quality in simvastatin group compared to the control group at various time points	Local application of simvastatin effectively preserves residual alveolar bone by promoting bone formation in extraction sockets
Wuster et al. [42]	2023	Rosuvastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, atorvastatin	Head and neck carcinoma	Influence of statin medication on overall survival of head and neck cancer patients	Retrospective clinical data analysis	48,626	Statin medication was associated with significantly improved five-year survival in head and neck cancer patients	Statin use may improve survival outcomes in head and neck cancer patients, but retrospective study design limits conclusions
Xu et al. [43]	2020	Six concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1)	Tooth augmentation during orthodontic tooth movement	Effects of simvastatin on orthodontic tooth movement	In vitro and in vivo study	Rat periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs)	Simvastatin triggered osteogenic differentiation of PDLCs, attenuated inflammation, and decreased osteoclastogenesis.	Simvastatin can promote bone formation and attenuate inflammation during orthodontic tooth movement.
Yaghobee et al. [44]	2020	Bovine bone material + simvastatin (1.6 gm )	Augmentation of the maxillary sinus	Efficacy of simvastatin in maxillary sinus augmentation	Randomized clinical trial with a split-mouth design	24 maxillary sinuses in 12 patients	No significant differences in newly formed bone and residual particles between the simvastatin and control groups.	Simvastatin may not have a significant positive effect on maxillary sinus augmentation.