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. 2024 Oct 19;14:24546. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-75710-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Pre/post-testing 2-contrast detection at the center vs. the periphery: A yes–no paradigm. The stimuli consist of a slant (45 degrees) Gabor patch target, whereas above and below the Gabor there are 2 constant orthogonal high-contrast (90%) flankers. The target and the orthogonal flankers are separated by 7λ. The stimuli appear randomly at 3 locations (mixed-by-trial): center, 4 degrees upper left or 4 degrees lower right, while the participant continuously looks at the center. The contrast amplitude of the target is changed randomly to 6, 8, and 12% at the center and 16, 24, and 32% at the periphery. (a) An example of central target appearances. (b) An example of central target disappearances.